Recent advances in development of functional magnetic adsorbents for selective separation of proteins/peptides
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Recently, with the completion of the Human Genome Project, researchers gradually find that many major diseases are not caused by genetic changes, and the complex life activities or disease mechanisms cannot be fully explained only by understanding the gene sequence. Therefore, biology science research has entered the post-genome era, and proteomics research is a very important part of it [1,2]. Proteomics aims to globally, quantitative, dynamic and holistic study of organisms at the protein level. Proteins, one of the biomacromolecules, play a very important role in maintaining the normal physiological activities of life. Typically, the most important target is to obtain protein with higher purity when conducting the proteomics research or clinical medicine research [3]. However, proteins coexist with nucleic acids, carbohydrates, esters, salts and other matrix substances in complex biological samples, and their concentrations are low stoichiometry. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a highly selective, environmental and efficient sample pretreatment method for protein separation [4].
Several traditional separation methods including membrane chromatography [5], electrophoresis [6] and liquid-liquid extraction [7] have been proposed for the separation and purification of proteins. However, these common separation technologies still have some shortcomings such as low selectivity, more sample loss and complex process. In recent years, solvent-free or solvent-less pretreatment technologies have developed rapidly, mainly including solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction and microdialysis. However, the key procedure of sample pretreatment is the selection of separation materials. To date, MSPE is of great interest for researchers, which emerged in the late 1970s [8,9]. Fe3O4 is the most popular magnetic core for construction of magnetic adsorbents due to their availability and superparamagnetism [10]. Magnetic nano-adsorbent materials have special physical and chemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, large specific surface area, and strong adsorption capacity [11]. The high mechanical strength of the magnetic nano-adsorbent material can ensure that the nano-particles keep their morphology stable during application, the larger specific surface area can effectively increase the adsorption capacity, and the stronger adsorption capacity can make the adsorption capacity more stable. Therefore, magnetic adsorption materials have received more and more attention in the treatment of metal wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater, pesticide residue wastewater, and radionuclide wastewater. To date, numerous techniques were reported to prepare the magnetic nanoparticles. However, bare Fe3O4 particles are not selective for target analytes and need to be modified, so an unavoidable problem associated with adsorbents is the use of functionalization and coupling agents. Generally, the functionalization can stabilize the naked magnetic nanoparticles and provide the further surface decoration, for instance with other diverse ligands, depending on the expected application [12]. Currently, the construction of affinity-materials meeting the requirements of biological separation is still a big challenge.
To date, there are several reviews about the use of magnetic adsorbents for selective separation of proteins/peptides, the exclusive use of functional magnetic microspheres as adsorbents for protein separation has not been reviewed. Herein, we provide an overview of the synthesis of functional magnetic materials, and their attractive application as adsorbents for separation of important biomolecules. The purpose of this review is providing the necessary information to inspire new research about the use of functional magnetic microspheres as adsorbents in proteins/peptides separation application.
Section snippets
Synthesis and functionalization of magnetic microspheres
With the development of material science, more and more novel materials were proposed and explored for an unprecedented resolve of a wide range of impasses incurred in science. Currently, the search for new materials with exceptional properties such as high thermal stability, water stability, huge surface area and easy modification have attracted an extensive amount of researchers. In particular, magnetic microspheres have opened a door for these demand. More importantly, magnetic microspheres
The application of magnetic adsorbents for proteins/peptides separation
The surface decoration of magnetic microspheres by different kinds of ligands, including graphene, metal ions, metal oxide, boronic acid, molecularly imprinted polymers, MOFs, COFs and biomolecules can be considered as suitable candidates for protein separation applications. Fig. 2 illustrates a schematic of main ligands for decorating magnetic microspheres and typical proteins/peptides in separation science research.
Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) is a pretreatment technology developed
Conclusion and outlook
To recapitulate, we have successfully reviewed and discussed in detail the recent progress of functional magnetic adsorbents in protein separation field. As described above, numerous functional magnetic adsorbents have been continuously developed to meet the growing variety of demands of specific and efficient enrichment of proteins. Recent advances in diverse functional magnetic adsorbents including graphene–nanomaterial hybrid magnetic adsorbents, IMAC magnetic adsorbents, MOAC magnetic
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0203101), Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21575076 and 21621003), and the Beijing Municipality Science and Technology Program (D161100002116001).
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