Hybrid functionalized coatings on Metallic Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127508Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Hybrid hierarchical design is needed for new permanent and temporary biomaterials.

  • Hybrid systems combine alloys with bioceramic and biodegradable polymer coatings.

  • Hybrid hierarchical coatings are versatile and successful drug-eluting systems.

  • Cell therapy could improve the final implantation success of the biomaterial

Abstract

The review encompasses state-of-the-art strategies for design and fabrication of smart biomaterials for tissue engineering. The focus of the work is mainly put on metallic biomaterials with hybrid coatings consisting of bioceramic and polymeric layers with hierarchical organization and drug-eluting capacity.

Key technologies and steps to design hybrid smart and multifunctional coatings on metallic cores for bone regeneration implants and cardiovascular stents are outlined, including additive manufacturing of titanium and magnesium alloys for permanent and temporary implant applications. Three levels of hierarchical surface functionalization are described: i) in situ modification of the core material, incorporating bioactive inorganic species and phases by means of ceramic coatings via anodic electrochemical treatments; ii) post-treatment application of polymer layers, monolithic or with specific porous breath figure topography; and iii) application of a cellular therapy component (single cell or cell sheet). Recent progress in incorporation of drug-eluting functionality into such materials via direct or nanocarrier-assisted loading is also highlighted.

Section snippets

Metallic Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: advances and new perspectives

Tissue engineering aims to replace or repair a damaged tissue with reconstructed functional tissue [1], which in many cases is done with the assistance of implanted biomaterials. Biomaterials have revolutionised modern medicine, being main components of dental implants, orthopaedic implants, sutures, and numerous medical devices [2]. Among those, biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration constitute the largest fraction. They have been used in medical applications since 1940s and with a greatly

Metallic substrates

Due to their high strength, good formability and excellent fatigue and fracture performance, some metallic materials have dominated both temporary (i.e. screws, pins and bone plates) and permanent (i.e. total joint replacements) devices in orthodontic and orthopaedic as well as in cardiovascular applications (i.e. biodegradable Mg or Fe stents). The following sections highlights: (i) the characteristics of traditional (mainly CP Ti and Ti6Al4V) and novel (i.e. Mg, Zn, Fe) alloys that allow

Hybrid coatings

The following section reviews state-of-the-art strategies that emerged in the last decade and are used as building blocks for fabrication of hybrid smart coatings on metallic biomaterials. Their aim is to achieve a synergy between biological activity, controlled degradation rate and mechanical reinforcement. Such coatings often have a hierarchical structure and, in principle, can comprise up to three levels of surface functionalization. The first two levels, discussed in this Section 3, include

Loading of stand-alone ceramic coatings

Loading of pharmaceutical agents and growth factors directly into the pores of ceramic coatings by simple immersion is a straightforward way to create a smart biomaterial. The earliest approach consisted in using stand-alone Ca-P compounds layers deposited onto a metallic substrate as drug carriers. These are outside of the scope of this review and can be familiarized with elsewhere [452].

Porous anodic ceramic coatings easily lend themselves to direct drug loading, particularly in case of a

Implant functionalization by cell culturing

Through decades, a wide range of different approaches concerning cell therapy have been evaluated to improve tissue regeneration in implant applications. Furthermore, the use of active surfaces or controlled delivery of biological factors can enhance the organism response, as it has been shown previously (Table 4.1, Table 4.2, Table 4.3, Table 4.4). The combination of a hybrid implant material (metallic core/ceramic coating/polymeric coating) with cell therapy can be considered the ultimate

Conclusion

Presently, the clinical practice is experiencing a change of paradigm, where the therapeutic strategy is determined by the patient's individual needs. By addressing the main components of tissue engineering, i.e. metallic cores, ceramic coatings, polymeric top-layers, biomolecules, pharmaceutical agents and cell component materials, individually and in combination, this review has highlighted the state-of-the-art hybrid hierarchical coating systems for metallic biomaterials tailored to the

CRediT authorship contribution statement

A. Santos-Coquillat: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. E. Martinez-Campos: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. H. Mora Sánchez: Writing – original draft. L. Moreno: Writing – original draft. R. Arrabal: Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition. M. Mohedano: Writing – original draft. A. Gallardo: Writing – review & editing. J. Rodríguez-Hernández: Writing – original draft. E. Matykina: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Funding

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the RTI2018-096391-B-C33 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and ADITIMAT-CM (S2018/NMT-4411) projects. M. Mohedano and H. Mora-Sánchez are grateful for the support of RYC-2017 21843 and PEJD-2019-POST/IND-16119, respectively. A. Santos-Coquillat is grateful for financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Sara Borrell Fellowship CD19/00136. Equally, this work was financially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e

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