Hybrid functionalized coatings on Metallic Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Graphical abstract
Section snippets
Metallic Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: advances and new perspectives
Tissue engineering aims to replace or repair a damaged tissue with reconstructed functional tissue [1], which in many cases is done with the assistance of implanted biomaterials. Biomaterials have revolutionised modern medicine, being main components of dental implants, orthopaedic implants, sutures, and numerous medical devices [2]. Among those, biomaterials for hard tissue regeneration constitute the largest fraction. They have been used in medical applications since 1940s and with a greatly
Metallic substrates
Due to their high strength, good formability and excellent fatigue and fracture performance, some metallic materials have dominated both temporary (i.e. screws, pins and bone plates) and permanent (i.e. total joint replacements) devices in orthodontic and orthopaedic as well as in cardiovascular applications (i.e. biodegradable Mg or Fe stents). The following sections highlights: (i) the characteristics of traditional (mainly CP Ti and Ti6Al4V) and novel (i.e. Mg, Zn, Fe) alloys that allow
Hybrid coatings
The following section reviews state-of-the-art strategies that emerged in the last decade and are used as building blocks for fabrication of hybrid smart coatings on metallic biomaterials. Their aim is to achieve a synergy between biological activity, controlled degradation rate and mechanical reinforcement. Such coatings often have a hierarchical structure and, in principle, can comprise up to three levels of surface functionalization. The first two levels, discussed in this Section 3, include
Loading of stand-alone ceramic coatings
Loading of pharmaceutical agents and growth factors directly into the pores of ceramic coatings by simple immersion is a straightforward way to create a smart biomaterial. The earliest approach consisted in using stand-alone Ca-P compounds layers deposited onto a metallic substrate as drug carriers. These are outside of the scope of this review and can be familiarized with elsewhere [452].
Porous anodic ceramic coatings easily lend themselves to direct drug loading, particularly in case of a
Implant functionalization by cell culturing
Through decades, a wide range of different approaches concerning cell therapy have been evaluated to improve tissue regeneration in implant applications. Furthermore, the use of active surfaces or controlled delivery of biological factors can enhance the organism response, as it has been shown previously (Table 4.1, Table 4.2, Table 4.3, Table 4.4). The combination of a hybrid implant material (metallic core/ceramic coating/polymeric coating) with cell therapy can be considered the ultimate
Conclusion
Presently, the clinical practice is experiencing a change of paradigm, where the therapeutic strategy is determined by the patient's individual needs. By addressing the main components of tissue engineering, i.e. metallic cores, ceramic coatings, polymeric top-layers, biomolecules, pharmaceutical agents and cell component materials, individually and in combination, this review has highlighted the state-of-the-art hybrid hierarchical coating systems for metallic biomaterials tailored to the
CRediT authorship contribution statement
A. Santos-Coquillat: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. E. Martinez-Campos: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. H. Mora Sánchez: Writing – original draft. L. Moreno: Writing – original draft. R. Arrabal: Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition. M. Mohedano: Writing – original draft. A. Gallardo: Writing – review & editing. J. Rodríguez-Hernández: Writing – original draft. E. Matykina: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Funding
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the RTI2018-096391-B-C33 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and ADITIMAT-CM (S2018/NMT-4411) projects. M. Mohedano and H. Mora-Sánchez are grateful for the support of RYC-2017 21843 and PEJD-2019-POST/IND-16119, respectively. A. Santos-Coquillat is grateful for financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Sara Borrell Fellowship CD19/00136. Equally, this work was financially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e
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