Green-based methods to obtain bioactive extracts from Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata

doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2016.09.018

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Volume 119, January 2017, Pages 211-220

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2016.09.018 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
P. major and P. lanceolata are suitable to provide high valuable extracts.
•
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts of P. major and P. lanceolata from CO₂, Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted are reported.
•
Green recovery methods can be used to provide high valuable extracts for Plantago species.

Abstract

P. major and P. lanceolata are two medicinal plants used extensively all over the world as remedies for a wide range of diseases. This study aimed to apply a sustainable recovery extraction to obtain bioactive extracts from the medicinal plants P. major and P. lanceolata. Different extraction methods were compared in terms of yield process, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The methods used were: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO₂ pure and with ethanol as co-solvent, conducted at temperatures from 40 to 60 °C and pressures from 10 to 30 MPa, and by Soxhlet (SOX) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UE) with different solvents. High extraction yields were obtained by SOX with methanol (P. major) and by UE with EtOH-H₂O (P. lanceolata). The moderate-polar and polar solvents presented the best TPC values and antioxidant performance, included the supercritical extraction of P. major with 5.0% of ethanol as co-solvent (EC₅₀ 276 ± 1). SC-CO₂ extract presented the best antibacterial activity, being more effective against the Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus). The results showed that the use of green recovery methods such as SFE and UE with polar solvents (EtOH-H₂O and ethanol) provide high valuable extracts for Plantago species.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

The genus Plantago (Plantaginaceae) comprising more than 200 plant species with world-wide distribution [1], [2]. For centuries, Plantago species have been extensively used as food and remedies for a wide range of diseases [3], [4], [5], [6]. The nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries used some species as a functional food and dietary supplement to improve intestinal health [1], [2]. To reduce the use of antibiotics and improve health some species are also used in animal feed [4].

The P. major and P. lanceolata species are widely used both in traditional as well as in modern medicine. Indeed, P. major is included in the Brazilian National List of Plants of Interest to the Brazilian Health System, which comprises the most frequently used herbs for medicinal purposes with potential use in primary health care [7], [8]. The potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of this species are associated to the presence of bioactive compounds as polysaccharides, phenylpropanoid glycosides, iridoids, triterpenes, flavonoids and phenolic acids [1], [2], [5], [9], [10].

The quality of bioactive extracts is intensely dependent on the extraction process, the solvent used and the raw material characteristics. The extraction techniques and the solvents used must be carefully chosen to optimize the balance between maximizing yields and selectivity [11], [12]. Furthermore, eco-friendly way of extraction and recovery of bioactive compounds are more attractive in the last years. Among these green technologies, the extraction assisted by ultrasound, by microwaves and extraction with supercritical fluids are gaining increasing attention nowadays [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. At the same time, conventional extraction methods, such as Soxhlet is still considered as one of the reference methods to compare with newly developed methodologies [12].

Few studies have been conducted on the use of advanced green technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Plantago species [18], [19], [20]. Besides, no SFE studies of bioactive compounds from P. lanceolata are available. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate the use of different extraction methods, such as low-pressure procedures using different solvents and the green process of SFE with CO₂ and with CO₂ and co-solvent, to obtain extracts from P. major and P. lanceolata. The results from this work suggest the importance of Plantago species to obtain bioactive extracts and isolated compounds, which can therefore be developed as therapeutic formulations.

Section snippets

Raw material

The dried aerial parts of P. major were acquired commercially from Chá & Cia Ervas Medicinais (São Paulo, Brazil). The dried aerial parts of P. lanceolata were acquired commercially from Kampo de Ervas Indústria e Comércio LTDA (São Paulo, Brazil).

Upon arrival, the P. major and P. lanceolata presented a moisture content of 12.50 ± 0.09% (w/w) and 8.00 ± 0.06% (w/w), respectively, determined according to AOAC method 940.26 [21]. The Plantago species were ground in a knife mill (De Leo, Porto

Global yield X₀ and total phenolic content (TPC)

The results presented in Table 1 show the global yield (X₀) in wet base and the total phenolic content (TPC) values obtained by the different extraction methods for P. major and P. lanceolata extracts. The global yield is defined as the amount of solute extractable by the solvent at the established extraction conditions and indicates, quantitatively, the process efficiency.

From the LPE extractions, the highest yields were provided by SOX with methanol for P. major (18.3 ± 1.2), while SOX with

Conclusions

The potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity of P. major and P. lanceolata investigated in this work have confirmed the importance of this plants used in traditional medicine and as functional foods. Considering the use of green recovery methods, the results showed that SFE and UE with ethanol and EtOH-H₂O could be used to obtain high valuable extracts for Plantago species, in full correspondence with green extraction concept. The P. major and P. lanceolata contains many intermediate to

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the Brazilian federal agencies, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel) process number 473153/2012-2, for the scholarship and the financial support, respectively, and also UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina).

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Green-based methods to obtain bioactive extracts from Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Raw material

Global yield X0 and total phenolic content (TPC)

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

J. Ethnopharmacol.

Ind. Crops Prod.

Rev. Bras. Farmacogn.

Food Chem. Toxicol.

J. Food Eng.

J. Chromatogr. A

TrAC Trends Anal. Chem.

Ultrason. Sonochem.

J. Supercrit. Fluids

Chem. Eng. Sci.

J. Food Eng.

Bioorg. Med. Chem.

Sep. Purif. Technol.

Trends Plant Sci.

J. Food Eng.

Food Chem.

Food Chem.

Ind. Crops Prod.

Ind. Crops Prod.

LWT – Food Sci. Technol.

Bioresour. Technol.

J. Supercrit. Fluids

J. Food Eng.

J. Supercrit. Fluids

J. Biotechnol.

Eur. J. Pharmacol.

J. Food Prot.

Ind. Crops Prod.

Polyphenol content and antioxidative activity in some species of freshly consumed salads

J. Agric. Food Chem.

Changes in the concentrations of bioactive compounds in plantain leaves

J. Agric. Food Chem.

Culture of Plantago species as bioactive components resources: a 20-year review and recent applications

Acta Bot. Gall.

Plantain (Plantago L.) species as novel sources of flavonoid antioxidants

J. Agric. Food Chem.

Global yield X₀ and total phenolic content (TPC)