Pectin-crosslinked-guar gum/SPION nanocomposite hydrogel for adsorption of m-cresol and o-chlorophenol
Graphical abstract
Pection-crosslinked-guar gum/SPION nanocomposite hydrogel.
Introduction
Rapid pace of industrialization and large scale rise in aqueous pollution has led to global concern over availability of clean water. With increasing water requirements, technology driven efforts have been made by scientific and industrial community for removal of noxious pollutants and toxins from water resources. The organic pollutants, such as dyes, phenols, antibiotics, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and pesticides, etc are harmful for aquatic animals as well as humans. They contribute significantly to various diseases, such as hypertension, respiratory disorders and organ damage, etc. in living beings. POPs have adverse impact on human health and environment. These are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through biological, chemical and photolytic processes. Some of them arise from nature, for example volcanoes and biosynthetic pathways, but most of them are man-made via total synthesis. The pulp mills, textile and dyestuff industries discharge highly colored waste water to the streams which has provoked serious aquatic environmental threats. The water becomes highly unsuitable for drinking, irrigation and other useful purposes (Sanghavi et al., 2013).
Various methods which can be used for the removal of harmful organic pollutants and heavy metals from water bodies include ion exchange (Alam et al., 2014), adsorption (Albadarin et al., 2012, Hameed and Daud, 2008, Hena, 2010), photolysis (Franco et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2010) and membrane filtration (Schwarze et al., 2015) etc. But now-a-days biopolymers fabricated nanohydrogels have gained mounting attention in the field of waste water treatment.
Biopolymers are biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable materials which are gaining importance due to their perspective applications in different fields. They are extremely useful in performing functions like storage of energy, preservation and transmittance of genetic information and cellular construction. Biopolymers based on synthetic methods are used in manufacturing of substrate mats, as packaging materials and in surgical implants. It has been observed that these materials were used efficiently for waste water treatment (Gupta et al., 2014, Sharma et al., 2014a, Sharma et al., 2014b, Thakur et al., 2017). Various biopolymer based nanocomposite hydrogels have been synthesized in the recent years such as chitosan-crosslinked-poly(alginic acid) nanohydrogel (G. Sharma et al., 2017c), chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)/Zn nanocomposite hydrogel (Pathania et al., 2016a) and starch/poly(alginic acid-cl-acrylamide) nanohydrogel (G. Sharma et al., 2017d) etc. Moreover, these biopolymer-based materials possess better mechanical properties. The composite materials comprises of organic polymers as supporting materials and inorganic precipitates as ion exchanger. Therefore, biopolymers have flexible organic backbone with fixed inorganic groups (Naushad, 2014, Rezvanain et al., 2017).
Nanocomposite hydrogels are effective in pollution controlling due to their selectivity, specificity and higher range of usability (G. Sharma et al., 2017b)(Gadalla et al., 2016; Pathania et al., 2016b). Many advanced technologies have been employed for improving mechanical, thermal and chemical stabilities of nanocomposite hydrogel for remediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants (Islam and Patel, 2008; G. Sharma et al., 2017d). The nanocomposite hydrogels have received more and more attention due their stability, high efficiency and target identification. They are easy to manipulate from synthesis to disposal (Ahmed, 2015, Anjum et al., 2016). Moreover, nanocomposite hydrogels can effectively resist changes in solvent, temperature, electric field and so on.
In modern world, the nanosized materials have various applications in many fields such as separation, tissue engineering (Pal et al., 2008) and drug delivery etc (Benamer et al., 2006, Kumar et al., 2008, Rosiak et al., 1995, Sengupta et al., 2007). They have modified surface functionalities which have been employed for the removal of toxic substances from aqueous solution.
In the present work, the combination of pectin-crosslinked-guar gum hydrogel with embedded SPION particles has been reported. Synthesized nanocomposite hydrogel provides enormous surface area which makes it an effective material for potential application in removal of pollutants from the water.
Section snippets
Material
Guar gum, pectin, the initiator ammonium per sulfate and crosslinker N, N′-methylenebis-acrylamide of analytical grade were purchased from Hi Media, India. NH4OH, FeCl2·4H2O and FeCl3.6H2O (Sigma Aldrich) was used for SPION particle synthesis. All solutions were prepared in double distilled water.
Preparation of biopolymer gel
In a typical procedure 0.6 g of guar gum and pectin were dissolved separately in 10 mL distilled water. The solutions were then mixed and stirred continuously for 1hr at 35 °C to obtain biopolymer gel.
Preparation of SPION nanoparticles sol
Synthesis of Pc-cl-GG/SPION nanocomposite hydrogel
Pc-cl-GG/SPION nanocomposite hydrogel has been synthesized by co-precipitation/polymerization method. Initiator, APS helped in the initiation of reaction so to form long polymeric networks. The two polymeric units; pectin and guar gum has been cross- linked with the help of a cross- linker; methylenebisacrylamide. Their cross-linking resulted increase in the mechanical strength and also increased resistant ability towards heat and attack by solvents. After cross-linking, magnetically active
Conclusion
In the present paper, an efficient technique has been developed for multi-pollutant removal by synthesizing nanocomposite hydrogel of SPION and pectin crosslinked guar gum hydrogel by a facile co-precipitation/polymerization method. The adsorption studies revealed that Pc-cl-GG/SPION nanocomposite hydrogel was used as an efficient adsorbent for removal of organic pollutants meta-cresol (MC) and ortho-chlorophenol (OCP) from water system. It has been observed that the adsorption of MC was more
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2023, Journal of Water Process EngineeringCitation Excerpt :Meanwhile, composite exhibited excellent adsorption regeneration capability (upto 30 mg/g) even after 5 cycles (Fig. 10 (a)). Sharma et al., [325] prepared Pc-cl-GG/SPION nanocomposite hydrogel through co-precipitation/polymerization method and applied for removal of o-chlorophenol and m-cresol. The synthetic reaction route and structure of prepared material is presented in Fig. 10 (b).