Pesticide exposure of non-occupationally exposed subjects compared to some occupational exposure: A French pilot study
Introduction
Pesticides belong to a wide group of chemicals of growing public health concern. Indeed, leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other cancers (Infante-Rivard and Sinnett, 1999, Meinert et al., 2000, Hardell et al., 2002, Richter and Chlamtac, 2002, De Roos et al., 2003), neurologic pathologies (Baldi et al., 2003a, Baldi et al., 2003b, Elbaz et al., 2004), respiratory symptoms (Salameh et al., 2003) and hormonal and reproductive abnormalities (Weidner et al., 1998, Bell et al., 2001, Garry et al., 2002, Garry et al., 2003) have been associated with pesticide exposure, mostly in case-control and ecological studies.
A great number of pesticide compounds have been found to contaminate water resources, ambient air, fog, rain and soils in numerous studies (Glotfelty et al., 1987, Richards et al., 1987, Huskes and Levsen, 1997, Albanis et al., 1998, Coupe et al., 2000, Foreman et al., 2000, Majewski et al., 2000, Sanusi et al., 2000). They also contaminate indoor environment, as a consequence of indoor as well as outdoor uses, for occupational and residential purposes. Indeed, outdoor contaminants can be tracked in by shoes, clothes and air drift (Lu et al., 2000, Lewis et al., 2001, Curl et al., 2002, Thompson et al., 2003). Domestic pesticide uses include pet treatments, extermination of household pests, removal of lice, and garden and lawn treatments. Professional uses include crop, greenhouse, cattle and pet treatments, but also pest control operations in buildings.
Pesticide exposure of indoor workers, and specifically exposure of greenhouse workers, has been assessed in numerous studies, by means of static and personal air samplers, skin pads and hand wipes or washes (Brouwer et al., 1993, Aprea et al., 1999, Aprea et al., 2001, Aprea et al., 2002).
Considering the general population, exposure studies have already been conducted in different countries, including residential and personal measurements (Whitmore et al., 1994, Dingle et al., 1999, Gordon et al., 1999, Adgate et al., 2000, Berger-Preiss et al., 2002, Clayton et al., 2003, Whyatt et al., 2003). They showed that people were exposed at home to various insecticides, such as organochlorines, organophosphates and pyrethroids and also to wood preservatives and some herbicides and fungicides. However, only three studies investigated exposure to such a great variety of pesticides (Whitmore et al., 1994, Clayton et al., 2003, Wilson et al., 2003) and only three performed indoor air and cutaneous measurements (Gordon et al., 1999, Lioy et al., 2000, Wilson et al., 2003). Moreover, none evaluated exposure to different chemical classes of pesticides of the general population in France.
Therefore, our purpose was to assess the exposure of non-occupationally exposed adults living in the Paris area to selected insecticides, herbicides and fungicides, and to compare it to the exposure of a few professionals working indoors and generally assumed to be more exposed. The choice of the working areas was based upon their potential exposure in relation to the exposure of the general population (i.e., jobs related to pet and flower treatments).
Section snippets
Study population
All the locations studied were in Paris or its suburbs. Forty-one subjects aged more than 18 years were recruited, 37% males and 63% females, with a mean age of 34 ± 9 years. Sampling was performed from February to December 2002. Two different public greenhouses (5 gardeners), three different flower shops (7 florists) and three different services of a Veterinary School (9 veterinarians or veterinary workers) were investigated. The other sites were composed of residences (n = 12 flats and n = 7 houses
Results
Seventeen different pesticides were detected at least once in air samples and 21 in handwipe samples (Fig. 1a and b). A positively skewed distribution, due to the great number of undetectable or low values, was observed for each parameter. Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 present pesticide results for the different occupational situations and Table 5 for general population. Methidathion, analyzed only in the first greenhouse, is not reported on Fig. 1a and b but has been detected in the two rooms and
Discussion
As shown in this study, general population is environmentally exposed to pesticides present indoors. Our pesticide list was determined according to the great agricultural or residential use or the potential remanency of the selected compounds. Therefore, it is interesting to highlight the differences between known uses and measurements.
The OP never detected in the air, parathion ethyl, has been banned since 2002 from all use in France but was measured on the hands of two subjects of our sample.
Conclusion
Our present study is the first estimating both indoor air and cutaneous levels of 38 different pesticides for occupationally exposed and unexposed adults in France.
Concerning air contamination, a specific profile of pesticides, consistent with occupational activity, can be observed in working areas. To the contrary, a greater variety of pesticides were found in residences. Pesticide levels in houses are similar to previously reported levels and can be important in certain cases. The most
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all study participants for their cooperation, Robin Aujay (INERIS) for material assistance, Fabrice Marlière (INERIS) for his useful advice, Jerome Beaumont, Sebastien Fable, Didier Granier, Halina Koszdras and Marie-Pierre Strub (INERIS) for laboratory support.
Ghislaine Bouvier received a doctoral grant by the French Environment and Energy Agency (ADEME) and the French National Institute of Environmental and Industrial Risks (INERIS).
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