Phenolics pattern of cut H3O rose flowers during floral development
Introduction
Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as singlet oxygen, peroxide radical, peroxyl, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite are important factors affecting normal cellular functioning and thereby, induce cellular damage and cause human diseases (e.g. Cancer, inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) (Abdel-Hameed et al., 2012; Oyenihi and Smith, 2018). Some polyphenols, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, are a group of phytochemicals with potent antioxidant properties virtues, may play a key role in reducing the risk of diseases via preventing oxidative damages (Kaisoon et al., 2011).
Rose (Rosa hybrida L.) From Rosaceae family, known as ‘the queen of flowers’ (Mohy, 2011; Chamani and Wagstaff, 2018) is the cornerstone of commercial floriculture due to its high demand all over the globe. In particular, some researchers reported that rose petals are a source of polyphenols such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannin with anti-proliferative activity (Daglia, 2012; Rusanov et al., 2014), and have the potential to add to the human diet (dos Santos et al., 2018).
In previous studies, HPLC/MS analysis detected 6 anthocyanins, 4 flavanols, 4 phenolic acids, and 31 flavonols in rose petals (Schmitzer et al., 2019). Elmastaş et al. (2017) reported that the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in some rose flowers changed during different times of harvesting. Flower opening happens variously in different plants and is generally controlled via a range of Physio-morphological and biochemical reactions such as cell expansion, hormonal regulation, solute accumulation, and apoplast sugar uptake (van Doorn and van Meeteren, 2003; van Doorn et al., 2013; van Doorn and Kamdee, 2014). These modifications might change the production of primary and secondary metabolites within tissues. Metabolic profiles in tea flowers and leaves were modified during flower development (Jia et al., 2016). In Rosa damascena, phenolic contents changed during flower development (Rasouli et al., 2018). Polyphenols contents changed in Rosa damascena ‘Himroz’ and Rosa bourboniana (Sood and Nagar, 2003), and Helleborus niger (Schmitzer et al., 2013). Oleuropein content, as the most important and abundant phenolic compound in olive trees, changed during flower development (Malik and Bradford, 2006). Further, the content and composition of phenolics were changed during flower development in Origanum majorana (Sellami et al., 2009). Pelargonidin, cyanidin, quercetin, catechin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid was detected in flower extract of rose ‘KORcrisett’ (Schmitzer et al., 2009). Schmitzer et al. (2010) reported that quercetin and anthocyanin contents increased as flower open developed up to fully open flower in groundcover rose and then reduced in the senescent stage. Modifications in phenolics content and composition during flower development stages, could be due to gene expression changes (Wang et al., 2018),carbohydrates level (Yamada et al., 2007), change in cell membrane stability (Faragher et al., 1987), food remobilization, and total protein (Kumar et al., 2008). Efforts have been made to increase polyphenols quantity in order to use in the human diet (Mrad et al., 2012; Chamorro et al., 2012; Vallverdú-Queralt et al., 2013; Do et al., 2014), therefore selecting the best stage of flowering for polyphenol extraction is very important as a strategy for obtaining the highest polyphenols content. Although the phenolic content was studied in rose ‘KORcrisett’ (Schmitzer et al., 2009) and groundcover rose (Schmitzer et al., 2010), however, only four developmental stages, including flower bud, partially open flower, full open flower, and flower senescent were studied and changes in metabolic pattern over a time lapse from bud stage to senescent did not study. Here we have attempted to study the metabolic changes in cut H3O rose flowers with a two-day interval to profile the phenolic content in order to obtain the highest content of pre-specified compound at the correct time, in order to use in medicine, cosmetics, and/or human diet.
Section snippets
Material and methods
Cut H3O rose flowers were obtained from MM Flower Factory in Cambridge, UK (at the stage of petal starting to reflex), transferred to the laboratory (Reading University, UK), and held at 4 °C. Afterward, flowers placed in the bucket containing 10 ppm chlorine and transferred to the Phytotrons (The phytotrons condition was 22 ± 2 °C, 60% RH, 10 μmol. M−2 S-1 irradiance with a 12 h photoperiod) and phenolics pattern was studied during flower open stages. Methanolic extract of cut H3O rose petals
Data analysis
Data analyzed by SAS V9.2 software. Mean comparisons done using Duncan’s multiple test range at 1 and 5% levels.
Phenolic acids
Flower development in cut H3O roses was studied during a period of time from flower bud to flower senescence at 7 stages (every other day) and chromatograms were obtained using HPLC (Fig. 2). The result showed that Gallic acid content did not significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affect from the flower bud to the senescence stages. However, the highest content of Gallic acid was produced in D7 (6.85 ± 0.45 a) followed by D9 (5.99 ± 0.3 a: Fig. 3A). Caftaric acid content was increased from D1 (15.19 ± 0.54
Conclusion
Cut H3O roses produced different phenolic patterns during flower open after cutting with a two-day intervals study. Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Caftaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Chicoric acid, Sinapic acid, Ferulic acid, Coumaric acid, Catechin, Cyanidin, Pelargonidin chloride, Quercetin, and Kaempferol were the main phenolic compounds detected in methanolic extract of cut H3O roses. The content of phenolics significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected during flower open stages. The highest content of
Funding
This work is funded by MM Flower Company and University of Reading, UK.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Esmaeil Chamani: Investigation, Formal analysis. Carol Wagstaff: Methodology, Project administration. Mehran Kanani: Data curation, Writing - original draft.
Declaration of Competing Interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
References (42)
- et al.
Structural characterization of cyanidin-3, 5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3, 5-diglucoside anthocyanins: multi-dimensional fragmentation pathways using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometry
Int. J. Mass Spectrom.
(2011) - et al.
Changes in polyphenol and polysaccharide content of grape seed extract and grape pomace after enzymatic treatment
Food Chem.
(2012) Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents
Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.
(2012)- et al.
Changes in anthocyanin concentration and composition in “Jaguar”rose flowers due to transient high-temperature conditions
Plant Sci.
(2003) - et al.
Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica
J. Food Drug Anal.
(2014) - et al.
Evaluation of minerals, toxic elements and bioactive compounds in rose petals (Rosa spp.) using chemometric tools and artificial neural networks
Microchem. J.
(2018) - et al.
Changes in flavonoid and phenolic acid contents in some Rosa species during ripening
Food Chem.
(2017) Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Food Chem.
(2015)- et al.
Mineral and metabolic profiles in tea leaves and flowers during flower development
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
(2016) - et al.
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of edible flowers from Thailand
J. Funct. Foods
(2011)