The performance of bean pod lineage inoculated with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5
Introduction
Bean pods are widely consumed in Brazil, since they are rich in fibers, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, fluorine, iron and vitamins A, C and B complex. Although it is much appreciated, only few studies have focused on enhancing this culture. Consequently, one can observe lack of improved lineages and of lineages adapted to different regions. This scenario leads to low yield and makes the demand higher than the supply.
Non-adapted bean pod lineages must be cultivated in larger land extensions to accomplish higher yield. Such crop management demands higher fertilizer consumption; however, the use of nitrogen fertilizers leads to increased yield, but its excessive application deteriorates agricultural areas and increases the costs with crop management (Costa et al., 2017; Glick, 2012).
Bacteria species with the ability to promote plant growth proved to be a good alternative for agricultural sustainability, since their use reduces costs with crop management and damages caused by excessive fertilizer application, as well as helps increasing yield through direct and indirect mechanisms. The association between diazotrophic bacteria and some plant species helped plant nutrition with nitrogen through the colonization of inner plant tissues via seeds, vegetative propagation and dead parts of plants or insects, in order to promote vegetal growth (Baldani et al., 1997; Mirza et al., 2001).
The diazotrophic bacterium G. diazotrophicus stands out for its ability to promote plant growth. It biologically fixes nitrogen and produces plant regulators such as auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins. Besides, G. diazotrophicus PAL5 helps the defense mechanism against pathogens (Glick, 2012; Arencibia et al., 2006).
Muthukumarasamy et al. (2002) have proven the efficiency of G. diazotrophicus in sugar cane crops, since its association with other bacteria allows better plant development and leads to yield rates equivalent to those recorded after the application of 275 kg of N ha−1. The effectiveness of this bacterium was also highlighted by Procópio et al. (2013), De Oliveira et al. (2016) and Ahmad et al. (2016).
In light of the foregoing, the aim of the present report was to evaluate the yield, and other variables, of bean-pod lineages inoculated with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5.
Section snippets
Genetic material and experiment conduction
Six bean-pod lineages performances were evaluated in 2016 and 2017 (April to August of each year); four of them derived from crossing between entries of the Germoplasm Bank of Darcy Ribeiro North Fluminense State University (UENF) and two commercial cultivars (Feltrin and Top Seed Blue Line) (Table 1).
The experiments were conducted in greenhouse at UENF, located in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro (21°45′44″ latitude south, 41°17′15″ longitude west, average temperature 28 °C) based on UENF
Statistical analyses
The analysis of variance took into consideration the effects of lineages, years, bacteria and fertilizers. The phenotypic averages of each performances depending on the lineage were used in biplot development.
According to Yan and Rajcan (2002), the model used in the multivariate analysis applied to the lineages vs. traits biplot analysis (GT Biplot) was: , wherein, Tij is the value of the ith performances depending on the lineage and of the jth trait; ij
Results
The analysis of variance applied for most variables led to significant years, lineage, bacteria and fertilizer results (0.01 ≤ p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, bacteria x fertilizer, lineages x fertilizer, and lineages x bacteria interactions, as well as the triple and quadruple interaction, revealed different behavior among lineages, years, bacteria and fertilizers depending on the treatment they were subjected to.
The two first main components (FCs) represented 75.92% of the total variation (Fig. 1) in
Discussion
Significant results recorded for lineages, years, bacteria and fertilizers revealed performance variability (Table 2). The bacteria x fertilizer interaction evidenced different bacterial behavior after fertilizer application. Similarly, the significant results recorded for lineage x fertilizer, and lineage x bacteria interactions, as well as for the triple and triple (L x B x F) and quadruple interactions, suggested different genotypic behavior. Such outcome allowed lineage classification
Conclusions
The GT biplot model had effective influence on the lineages x environment interaction, because it allowed good lineage-selection accuracy and the generation of agronomic characteristics of interest.
The endophytic species G. diazotrophicus PAL5 was efficient in improving flowering, pod and grain yield, pod length, total of pods, pod width and 100-seed weight performance.
G. diazotrophicus PAL5 lost its effectiveness after NPK application.
The ‘UENF 7-6-1’ presented the ideal lineage for
Acknowledgements
This study was financed in party by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoas de Nível Superior –Brasil (CAPES)- Finance Code 001. In addition I would like to thank FAPERJ and CNPq for the scholarship granted to the scholars.
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