l-methionine influences in vitro root regeneration, total chlorophyll, total carbohydrate and endogenous proline content in the sweet cherry rootstock MxM 14 (Prunus avium × Prunus mahaleb)
Introduction
MxM 14 (Prunus avium × Prunus mahaleb) is a clonal selection from an open pollinated population of P. mahaleb. Plants in the nursery show medium to high vigour and have a semi-spreading habit. Plants grafted on this rootstock are about 20% more vigorous than those grafted on CAB 6P (Prunus cerasus L.) and about 30% less vigorous than those grafted on cherry seedlings. All cherry cultivars grafted on MxM 14 present an earlier cropping, higher yield efficiency and better quality in comparison to those grafted on seedlings rootstocks (Dimassi-Theriou and Therios, 2006).
Amino acids can induce rhizogenesis. In shoot tips of Torenia fournieri grown in vitro, the amino acids glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, glutamine, proline, serine and arginine induced rooting of explants in the presence of a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (Kamada and Harada, 1979). Furthermore, proline (10–200 mg/L) increased rooting percentange and number of roots per rooted explant of sweet cherry (P. avium L.) and sour cherry (P. cerasus L.), the root length however, was reduced (Baraldi et al., 1988). Pedrotti et al. (1994) found that after 30 days in a substrate containing IBA, l-asparagine had no effect on the root elongation of wild cherry, in comparison to the control (which was without amino acid), whereas root elongation was strongly inhibited by l-glutamic acid. The same authors also found that root length was likewise strongly inhibited with the autoclaving of l-glutamine, although no such inhibition on root elongation was observed when l-glutamine was applied with filtration (Pedrotti et al., 1994). The auxins IAA, IBA and NAA (1–2 μM), as well as the amino acids 5-oxyproline and tryptophan at 1.4 mM, reduced root elongation in wild cherry (Pedrotti et al., 1994).
Specific media components including amino acids have been found to play an important role on tissue culture systems of certain plant species (Benson, 2000). Amino acids have been used as an organic nitrogen source in in vitro cultures of several species as alfalfa, maize, sorghum, pineapple, rice and other monocots to enhance somatic embryogenesis and regeneration (Skokut et al., 1985, Claparols et al., 1993, Rao et al., 1995, Hamasaki et al., 2005, Grewal et al., 2006). It has been suggested that the positive effect of inorganic nitrogen, in comparison to that of inorganic sources is associated to enhanced mobility of the former at a lower energy cost than the later (Kim and Moon, 2007). Despite the fact that nitrate and ammonium salts have been universally used as N source in tissue culture media, numerous reports specify that reduced nitrogen forms, particularly amides and amino acids, e.g. glutamine, glutamic acid, proline, and alanine, can improve cell proliferation as well as regeneration in specific genotypes (Vasudevan et al., 2004).
Methionine, a sulphur containing amino acid, is a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis in plant tissues (Yang, 1985). Apart from its role as a protein constituent and its central role in the initiation of mRNA translation, methionine indirectly regulates a range of cellular processes as the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) (Amir et al., 2002). SAM is the primary biological methyl-group donor and is also the precursor of plant metabolites such as ethylene, polyamines, vitamin B1 and the iron chelator mugineic acid (Sun, 1998). The substrate of SAM-dependent methyltransferases participates in both primary and secondary metabolism (Roje, 2006). Hence, as a donor for methyl groups, methionine through SAM regulates essential cellular processes such as cell division, synthesis of cell wall, synthesis of chlorophyll and membrane synthesis (Roje, 2006). In higher plants, SAM is also the precursor of the hormone ethylene, which regulates developmental stages (Matilla, 2000). Furthermore, SAM is the source of polyamines, spermidine and spermine, which play crucial roles in many aspects of plant growth, including cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, homeostasis and gene expression (Kuznesov and Shevyakova, 2007, Pang et al., 2007).
Limited investigations have been carried out concerning the effects of various growth regulators and amino acids on cherry rooting in vitro. There is a scarcity of reported work regarding the effects of l-methionine in the culture medium on root proliferation of the cherry rootstock MxM 14, which is an important rootstock.
The aim of the present study was to test the possible effects of l-methionine on the rooting, total leaf chlorophyll (a + b) concentration, total carbohydrate and proline concentration both in leaves and roots of one commercial cherry rootstock, namely MxM 14.
Section snippets
Plant material and culture conditions
The effect of the amino acid l-methionine was studied in in vitro experiments employing the cherry rootstock MxM 14 (P. avium × P. mahaleb). Preliminary results indicated that certain levels of IBA and l-methionine combinations (0.5 mg/L IBA + 0 mg/L l-methionine, 1 mg/L IBA + 2 mg/L l-methionine and 2 mg/L IBA + 2 mg/L l-methionine) were not effective (unpublished data). Therefore, to avoid factorial treatments that required a greater number of explants, the following levels of IBA (mg/L) + l-methionine
Effect of l-methionine on rooting
The greatest values of the number of roots per rooted explant (11.15) (Fig. 1A), fresh (0.363 g) (Fig. 1C) and dry weight (0.036 g) (Fig. 1D) as well as rooting percentage (100%) (Fig. 1E) were recorded in the 1 mg/L IBA plus 0.5 mg/L l-methionine treatment (Fig. 2B and C) and these values were significantly different from the control (Fig. 2A). The greatest root length (54.76 mm) (Fig. 1B) was recorded in the combination of 0.5 mg/L IBA with 2 mg/L l-methionine (Fig. 2D). The rooting percentage was
Discussion
In this paper, it was found that the concentration of l-methionine and the auxin IBA interact, affecting in a different way rhizogenesis in vitro. In all the treatments, rooting always followed callus formation. To be more specific, l-methionine and IBA concentration, exerted different effects in the rooting characteristics and in various biochemical measurements.
A positive relationship was found between l-methionine concentration and rooting percentage for 0.5 and 1 mg/L IBA. Furthermore, in
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Angelos Xylogiannis for kindly providing the MxM 14 (P. avium × P. mahaleb) plants; also our thanks to S. Kuti and V. Tsakiridou for technical assistance. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
References (54)
Suppression in mitochondrial electron transport is the prime cause behind stress induced proline accumulation
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
(1993)- et al.
Cystathionine γ-synthase and threonine synthase operate in concert to regulate carbon flow towards methionine in plants
Trends. Plant. Sci.
(2002) - et al.
Compatibility of osmolytes with Gibbs energy of stabilization of proteins
Biochim. Biophys. Acta.
(2000) - et al.
Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
(1968) - et al.
Molecular aspects of methionine biosynthesis
Trends Plant. Sci.
(2003) - et al.
Effect of autoclaving amino acids on in vitro rooting response of wild cherry shoot
Sci. Hortic.
(1994) S-adenosyl-l-methionine: beyond the universal methyl group donor
Phytochemistry
(2006)- et al.
Proline accumulates in plants exposed to UV radiation and protects them against UV induced peroxidation
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
(1995) - et al.
Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes
Phytochemistry
(1989) - et al.
A photometric method for determination of proline
J. Biol. Chem.
(1955)
Spectrophotometric characteristics of chlorophylls a and b and their pheophytins in ethanol
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
Possible involvement of carbohydrate metabolism in adventitious root formation in Petunia hybrida cuttings
Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) micropropagation
Acta. Hortic.
In vitro plant recalcitrance: an introduction
In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. – Plant
Influence of some exogenous amino acids on the production of maise embryogenic callus and on endogenous amino acid content
Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult.
Adventitious rooting of detached Arabidopsis thaliana leaves
Biol. Plant
Interacting effects of CO2 concentration, temperature and nitrogen supply on the photosynthesis and composition of winter wheat leaves
Plant. Cell. Environ.
Improvement the growth and quality of green onion (Allium cepa L.) plants by some bioregulators in the new reclaimed area at Nobaria region, Egypt
N Y Sci. J.
Physiological responses of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) plants to some growth substances. The effect of certain amino acids and a pyrimidine derivative
J. Am. Sci.
Improving growth and productivity of fennel plant exposed to pendimethalin herbicide: stress-recovery treatments
Nature Sci.
Effect of acetylsalicylic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and gibberellic acid on plant growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Aust. J. Basic. Appl. Sci.
Role of cysteine in enhancing androgenesis and regeneration of indica rice (Orysa sativa L.)
Plant Growth Regul.
Ethylene and in vitro rooting of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cotyledons
Physiol. Plant
Glutamine enhances competence for organogenesis in pineapple leaves cultivated in vitro
Braz. J. Plant Physiol.
The Biology of Propagation by Cuttings
Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices
Induction and regeneration of hypocotyls derived calli in hot chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.) varieties
Pak. J. Bot.
Cited by (2)
Large-scale propagation of Myrobolan (Prunus cerasifera) in RITA® bioreactors and ISSR-based assessment of genetic conformity
2019, Scientia HorticulturaeCitation Excerpt :According to Perez-Tornero et al., 2000, young leaves inducing adventitious shoots when maintained for 2 or 3 weeks in darkness produced the best proliferation. Our results are in agreement with previous studies on shoot regeneration in Prunus indicating that a 16 h photoperiod is critical for regeneration (Sarropoulou et al., 2013). This step can stimulate organogenesis by impacting the levels of endogenous hormones, e.g., indoleacetic acid, which interact with exogenous growth regulators and promote regeneration vitroplants especially adventitious shoot regeneration (Gentile et al., 2002).
Global Survey, Expressions and Association Analysis of CBLL Genes in Peanut
2022, Frontiers in Genetics