Control strategies for a hybrid renewable energy system: A review

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.062

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volume 42, February 2015, Pages 597-608

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.062 Get rights and content

Abstract

This paper presents a review of a standalone and grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to supply AC loads. The configuration of the HRESs and interfacing power converters for connecting the energy sources to the AC bus is extensively discussed. An overview of the control concepts in an HRES and the application of the appropriate control schemes for system stabilization, effective injection of high quality power and proper load sharing are discussed. The different approaches for HRES design and control strategies for power converters in the recently published literature are also briefly addressed. Finally, this paper highlights the future developments in HRESs to increase the utilization of power generated from renewable energy sources (RESs).

Introduction

Power generation by RESs is becoming more popular and economical than the traditional generation systems to supply reliable power in areas not served by conventional power grids [1], [2]. RESs are unpredictable and fluctuating in nature and also typically produce low power compared to traditional generation. Hence, some means of integrating multiple sources are required to provide a more reliable and sustainable energy [3]. The integration of various RESs forms a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES), which provides continuous power to the consumers versus a system based on a single source [4], [5]. The HRES sources require power converters for the efficient and flexible interconnection of RESs to work either in a standalone or grid-connected mode. However, the HRES with an unpredictable nature for PV and wind cannot supply sufficient and stable power to meet the power demand [6]. To ensure the dynamics of the HRES, several stable power sources, such as batteries, fuel cells (FC) [7], supercapacitors [8], or diesel generators, must be integrated into the HRES especially in standalone mode and into the utility in grid-connected mode. In addition to the various benefits, the HRES has numerous technical challenges on the system power quality [9], such as power fluctuation because of the presence of a new source or plug-and-play feature of RESs, voltage and frequency deviation caused by the transition from grid-connected to standalone mode and vice versa. Therefore, the HRESs must have the ability to mitigate the power quality issues to supply high-quality and more reliable steady power. The power quality and system stability can be achieved by an appropriate control technique embedded into the power converter control circuit. However, the main challenge is to design suitable control strategies for the HRES to overcome the above challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the power conversion and control strategies of the HRES for future developments in generating power from RESs. However, the HRES in this paper is for self-consumption and the power grid acts as a source of power support.

Section snippets

Interfacing configuration of HRES sources

The HRES can be interfaced to an AC bus line and then to the utility directly or via a common DC bus by using the appropriate power converters [10]. The typical configuration of a DC and AC bus linked HRES is shown in Fig. 1. In this HRES configuration, a group of PV panels are interfaced through a DC–DC converter to regulate their fluctuating DC output. The wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) generates a three-phase AC voltage, and its amplitude and

Control concepts in HRESs

The HRES sources must be properly controlled by specific power converter control schemes to perform voltage and power regulation in standalone and grid-connected mode.

The control concept of the DC and AC bus linked HRES is shown in Fig. 4. In standalone mode, one of the sources producing stable output power must be operated in voltage-controlled mode to regulate the DC bus voltage, and the remaining sources should be operated in current-controlled mode to control the coordination of power among

Power converter topologies and control strategies for a single inverter interfaced HRES

The HRES configuration proposed in [37] is shown in Fig. 6, and the details are listed in Table 1. A multi-input DC–DC converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control transfers the maximum power from the RESs to the DC bus individually or simultaneously. If one of the sources fails to generate power, the multi-input DC–DC converter can still transfer the maximum power from the other source. The full bridge inverter converts the total available DC power into AC power and injects a

Power converter topologies and control strategies for a parallel inverter interfaced HRES

Ref. [33] investigated the control strategies of an AC bus linked standalone HRES combining the wind, diesel and storage battery as shown in Fig. 15. The storage battery supports the system stability by controlling the voltage and frequency during a sudden change in load and wind speed variation [56]. The excess power from the wind source is used to charge the battery. When the battery is fully charged, the excess power from the wind source is consumed by the dump load. During low wind speed,

Future trends

The trend in developing countries is to install a standalone HRES for electrifying rural regions that do not have the access to the power grid. However, many of these installed generation units are not connected to the existing power grid. Further research and development for HRESs is required for the future power grid mix with generation from an installed standalone HRES to address the following:

•
Minimize the power conversion losses as much as possible by using an appropriate design for the

Conclusion

In this paper, several aspects of the HRES configuration and control strategies for standalone and grid-connected HRESs are specifically reviewed. It is important for the HRES to have appropriate interfacing power conversion circuits and controllers. The AC bus-linked HRES configuration reduces the number of power conversion stages and losses in power transferred to the load/utility. The control strategy based on a communication link increases the control complexity and affects the

References (63)

P Bajpai et al.
Hybrid renewable energy systems for power generation in stand-alone applications: a review
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2012)
RK Rajkumar et al.
Techno-economical optimization of hybrid pv/wind/battery system using Neuro-Fuzzy
Energy
(2011)
P Thounthong et al.
Energy management of fuel cell/solar cell/supercapacitor hybrid power source
J Power Sources
(2011)
P Nema et al.
A current and future state of art development of hybrid energy system using wind and PV-solar: a review
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2009)
Z Zeng et al.
Topologies and control strategies of multi-functional grid-connected inverters for power quality enhancement: a comprehensive review
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2013)
JJ Justo et al.
AC-microgrids versus DC-microgrids with distributed energy resources: a review
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2013)
A Mohd et al.
Review of control techniques for inverters parallel operation
Electr Power Syst Res
(2010)
TL Vandoorn et al.
Review of primary control strategies for islanded microgrids with power-electronic interfaces
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2013)
SK Khadem et al.
Parallel operation of inverters and active power filters in distributed generation system-A review
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2011)
E Planas et al.
General aspects, hierarchical controls and droop methods in microgrids: a review
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2013)

NWA Lidula et al.

Microgrids research: a review of experimental microgrids and test systems

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

(2011)

R Zamora et al.

Controls for microgrids with storage: review, challenges, and research needs

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

(2010)

Ersan Kabalci

Design and analysis of a hybrid renewable energy plant with solar and wind power

Energy Convers Manag

(2013)

Mehdi Dali et al.

Hybrid solar–wind system with battery storage operating in grid–connected and standalone mode: control and energy management - experimental investigation

Energy

(2010)

JE Paiva et al.

Controllable hybrid power system based on renewable energy sources for modern electric grids

Renew Energy

(2013)

NA Ahmed et al.

Development of an efficient utility interactive combined wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell power system with MPPT and DC bus voltage regulation

Electr Power Syst Res

(2011)

Chia DB, Yong BL, Rajkumar RK, Ramachandaramurthy VK, Pasupuleti J. Design of an off-grid hybrid system for east...

Yong BL, Chia DB, Rajkumar RK, Ramachandaramurthy VK, Pasupuleti J. Operation and management of an islanded mode hybrid...

Thounthong P, Sikkabut S, Sethakul P, Davat B. Control algorithm of renewable energy power plant supplied by fuel...

Loc Nguyen Khanh et al.

Power-management strategies for a grid-connected PV–FC hybrid system.

IEEE Trans Power Deliv

(2010)

Tian Guosheng, Ding Xinping, Liu Jian Study of control strategy for hybrid energy storage in wind-photovoltaic hybrid...

Elbuluk M, Idris NRN The role power electronics in future energy systems and green industrialization. In: Proceedings...

Yuanrui Chen, Jie Wu Agent-based energy management and control of a grid-connected wind/solar hybrid power system. In:...

Wu Jie. Control technologies in distributed generation system based on renewable energy. In: Proceedings of the IEEE...

Kurohane K, Senjyu T, Yona A, Urasaki N, Muhando EB, Funabashi T. A high quality power supply system with DC smart...

F Blaabjeg et al.

Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems

IEEE Trans Power Electron

(2004)

Sachin Jain et al.

An integrated hybrid power supply for distributed generation applications fed by nonconventional energy sources

IEEE Trans Energy Convers

(2008)

Parodanovic M, Green TC, Mansir H. A survey of control methods for three phase inverters in parallel connection. In:...

Zhenhua Jiang, Xunweii Yu. Hybrid DC and AC linked microgrids: towards integration of distributed energy resources. In:...

Bracale A, Angelino R, Carpinelli G, Lauria D, Mangoni M, Proto D. Centralized control of dispersed generators...

Bertani A, Bossi C, Fornari F, Massucco S, Spelta S, Tivegna F. A microturbine generation system for grid connected and...

Cited by (166)

Comparative analysis of control strategies for solar photovoltaic/diesel power system for stand-alone applications
2024, Renewable Energy
Energy is one of the essential components for the social and economic growth of urban and rural communities worldwide. However, the lack of energy supply is one of the most significant challenges facing remote or local communities in Nigeria. Distributed generation systems based on renewable energy, conventional sources, or hybrid resources are possible energy production solutions for these communities. This paper, therefore, focused on providing an energy generation system based on photovoltaics (PV) and diesel generators (DG) for stand-alone applications. A comparative analysis was carried out to assess the impact of control strategies, namely load following (LF), cycle charging (CC), and combined dispatch (CD). The designed energy systems: 60 kW PV, 78.69 kW PV, PV-DG-LF, PV-DG-CC, and PV-DG-CD were simulated using HOMER Pro while technical, economic, and environmental indices were used as performance metrics. Simulation results showed that 60 kW PV generated 84,927 and 75,859 kWh, without and with temperature effect, respectively, with the corresponding unmet electric load (UEL) of 13.8 and 14.2%. The result further demonstrated that PV-DG-LF is the optimal design with the highest renewable penetration of 80.7% and the least annual total fuel consumption (TFC) of 6,594l. The economic results further confirm the suitability of PV-DG-LF with the lowest fuel cost (FC) and moderate cost of energy (COE) of $219,934 and 0.302 $/kWh, respectively. The PV-DG-LF is found to be more environmentally friendly, with the least annual CO₂ emission of 16,629.652 kg. The study considers veritable strategies to achieve affordable, clean, and reliable energy in line with research efforts on realizing the sustainable development goal (SDG) 7.
Modeling and analysis of a standalone hybrid green microgrid system
2024, Next-Generation Cyber-Physical Microgrid Systems: A Practical Guide to Communication Technologies for Resilience
This chapter presents a hybrid standalone microgrid (HSMG) under varying sources and different load conditions. HSMG system consists of the photovoltaic (PV), wind, battery, and AC loads associated with a DC–DC converter, a voltage source inverter (VSI), and LC filters. The DC–DC converter provides the constant DC link voltage and then it is converted to the DC–AC three-phase output voltages with the help of a VSI. The generation-side converter is implemented to obtain the maximum power by a properly designed maximum power point tracking algorithm. In this work, three sources such as PV, wind, and battery outputs are converted into constant DC voltage with the suitable converters and inverters. To obtain the maximum output from these converters, they are controlled with sliding mode controllers by providing appropriate pulse width modulation pulses. Also, the output side inverters are controlled with SMC for supplying the desirable AC voltage and frequency to the AC loads which are supplied by the microgrid. The multiple case studies such as (a) source variations alone, (b) load variations alone, and (c) both source and load variation together are tested. The obtained results indicate that the SMC performs well under all conditions with good performance and is more suitable for the real-time applications.
Optimal capacity configuration of the hydro-wind-photovoltaic complementary system considering cascade reservoir connection
2023, Applied Energy
To address the critical issues on environmental pollution and energy consumption, humans began vigorously developing and employing renewable energy sources (RESs). Hydro-wind-photovoltaic(PV) complementary system plays an indispensable part in the sphere of renewable energy research, while the optimal capacity proportion serves as a foundation and premise for building hybrid energy systems. Taking the lower portion of the Jinsha River in Sichuan Province as an example, this research presents a novel capacity configuration model of hydro-wind-PV complementary systems. Based on the consideration of cascade hydropower station connection, the model aims to minimize discarded energy and maximize delivery channel utilization. A new DE based on chaotic local search is then employed to solve the model. The result shows that the optimal proportions for the complementary system with 35 GW, 40 GW and 45 GW of delivery channel capacity are (0.93,0.93), (1.18,1.18) and (1.35,0.35), respectively. Meanwhile, as the affordability of complementary systems increases, the total installed capacity of wind power and photovoltaic power that may be accessible will also rise. Consequently, this paper not only offers a novel strategy for tackling similar issues on optimal capacity configuration, but also makes a contribution to maximizing the accessed installed capacity of RESs.
Techno-economic analysis for using hybrid wind and solar energies in Australia
2023, Energy Strategy Reviews
Hybrid energy production from available resources such as wind and solar are identified as an environmentally friendly alternative for power production. Australia, as a developed country, possesses the potential to use renewable energies. Motivated by the lack of comprehensive research dedicated to the economic analysis of hybrid systems in Australia, the objective of the present work is to propose an optimal integrated renewable energy system model in order to fulfill the electrical energy demands in five major Australian cities, namely, Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. To compare the studied cities, ten types of buildings (hospital, hotel, office, mall, clinic, retail, apartment, supermarket, school, and warehouse) have been analyzed in different climatic zones of Australia. The results have revealed that different viable scenarios for the investigated case studies are obtained. Furthermore, the optimal configuration, along with the cost and carbon emission that is obtained in the study, can be applied as a guideline for designing power systems (with a minimized cost) for the considered communities and other cities with similar characteristics (population and climatic conditions).
A review on hybrid energy generation: Cow dung biogas, solar thermal and kinetic energy integration for power production
2023, Energy and Built Environment
The growing global demand for clean and sustainable energy sources has sparked interest in hybrid energy systems that combine multiple renewable energy technologies. This review paper explores the integration of cow dung biogas, solar thermal, and kinetic energy for power production. The synergistic utilization of these energy sources holds significant potential for addressing the energy challenges faced by various communities. This paper provides an overview of each technology, discusses the benefits and challenges of integration, and highlights successful case studies. Furthermore, it discusses this hybrid energy generation system's potential future developments and implications.
Application of neural network based variable fractional order PID controllers for load frequency control in isolated microgrids
2023, Power System Frequency Control: Modeling and Advances
A dependable and highly effective load frequency control (LFC) is a critical requirement of modern power systems, and it necessitates special consideration for the proper operation of microgrids (MGs). It can be even more critical for the isolated MGs, which are remotely operated in rural areas, due to the increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) including fuel cells (FC), solar and wind energy, and integrated energy storage systems (ESSs). As a result of technological advancements in control and computation tools, it is crucial to develop new solutions for the LFC system and ensure the power quality of these hybrid MGs (HMGs). This chapter addresses the application of (fractional-order) proportional-integral-derivative ((FO)PID) controllers with variable gains and orders to frequency deviation control (FDC). In a coordinated control strategy between ESSs and RESs, our objective is to design an FDC system based on the variable PID-type controllers which are tuned by a neural network (NN) in a multiagent structure. To achieve this, a reinforcement learning (RL) technique is applied to train the NN-based tuners. This automatically tuned NN-based variable (FO)PID (V(FO)PID) controller associated with RL enhances the performance of isolated HMGs under different levels of RES penetration and load disturbances. By capturing all tuning knobs of the V(FO)PID controller in a self-tuning technique, the proposed approach not only can provide a desirable performance related to the LFC problems such as recovery time or frequency stability but also can be used over a wide range of operating conditions due to its flexibility in configuring the integration and derivative actions toward improving the frequency stabilization performance.

View all citing articles on Scopus

View full text

Control strategies for a hybrid renewable energy system: A review

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Interfacing configuration of HRES sources

Control concepts in HRESs

Power converter topologies and control strategies for a single inverter interfaced HRES

Power converter topologies and control strategies for a parallel inverter interfaced HRES

Future trends

Conclusion

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Energy

J Power Sources

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Electr Power Syst Res

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Renew Sustain Energy Rev

Energy Convers Manag

Energy

Renew Energy

Electr Power Syst Res

Power-management strategies for a grid-connected PV–FC hybrid system.

IEEE Trans Power Deliv

Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems

IEEE Trans Power Electron

An integrated hybrid power supply for distributed generation applications fed by nonconventional energy sources

IEEE Trans Energy Convers