Comparative study of the thermoluminescence properties of natural metamorphic quartz belonging to Turkey and Spain
Introduction
Quartz, as one of the most abundant minerals, is an important rock-forming mineral. It is estimated that about 12% of the mass of the Earth's crust is made of it. Quartz is chemically an almost inert and passive substance at the surface and a very active agent under conditions deep within the Earth's crust. The changes of pressure (P)–temperature (T) conditions, natural irradiation or alteration cause variations in the structure of quartz during the hydrothermal and metamorphic processes (Gotze, 2009). At higher temperatures and pressures, it participates in many complex chemical reactions during rock and mineral formation. Metamorphosis is the only major process in which quartz is either produced or consumed and it disappears from the environment during the formation of new minerals (〈http://www.quartzpage.de/gen_rock.html〉, 2013). New formation of natural crystal known as the metamorphic quartz generally in aquatic media occurs at high pressures and temperatures as respectively >20 MPa and >200 °C up to 6000 bars and temperatures over 500–600 °C (Gotte et al., 2011).
Quartz, one of the natural dosimeters used in luminescence studies, has great importance by means of mineral formation for quantifying the radiation history of materials in a variety of applications such as testing the authenticity of art objects, nuclear accident dosimetry (Bailiff et al., 2000), food irradiation control (Yazici et al., 2008) and dating of archeological materials and sediments (Adamiec, 2005, Porat et al., 2007, Preusser et al., 2009). Using quartz as a dosimeter, it is important to characterize it in terms of general properties such as dose response, preheat related to it’s mineral structure (Pagonis et al., 2002, Toktamiş et al., 2007, Topaksu et al., 2013).
The dosimetric characteristics of TL materials mainly depend on the kinetic parameters quantitatively describing the trapping–emitting centers responsible for the TL emission. The studies of natural/synthetic quartz show that quartz displays a number of TL peaks when it was heated from room temperature up to 500 °C after irradiation (Spooner and Questiaux, 2000, Yazici and Topaksu, 2003).
The shock-metamorphosed quartz, caused by the impact of an asteroid or meteor quartz, showed TL properties with maximal at 365 nm, 470 nm and 610–680 nm band. Electron and hole centers which originate from vacancies including those from the substitution of Al3+ and/or Fe3+, for Si4+ by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) have been found in them (Serebrennikov et al., 1982). Mineralogical formation, crystallinity index and the content of the impurities seem to be the main parameters of influence in the shape intensity of the cathodoluminescence (CL) and TL glow curve emission of hydrothermal and metamorphic quartzes (Topaksu et al., 2012).
In this study, we compared TL behaviors of metamorphic quartz samples which were collected in Turkey and Spain. For this purpose, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were performed in order to give a rough description of the crystalline structure and elemental–chemical composition of the TMQ and SMQ samples. Experimental TL glow peaks from two different metamorphic quartzes were also decomposed using the GlowFit programme (Puchalska and Bilski, 2006) with the computer glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method. Then the β-dose linearity of these TL glow peaks were tested from ~20 Gy to 4816 Gy. In addition to these, the temperature of TL glow peaks, the order of kinetics b, the trap depth/activation energy (E) and frequency factor (s) were determined.
Section snippets
Material and methods
All measurements were made on an automated Risø TL/OSL-DA-20 reader having an EMI 9235 QA photomultiplier tube (PMT) attached to filter pack consisting of Hoya U-340 (290–370 nm) filter. To prevent the scattered stimulation light from reaching the PMT, the reader is equipped with a 7.5 mm Hoya U-340 detection filter which has a peak transmission around 340 nm. β-irradiation was performed using an 1.48 GBq (40 m Ci) 90Sr/90Y beta source with a maximum energy of 2.27 MeV. It was calculated that the
Result and discussions
X-ray diffraction pattern is shown in Fig. 1 and the obtained results from the pattern are also demonstrated in Table 1. All diffraction peaks match well with the characteristic peaks of SiO2. X-ray diffraction measurements show that TMQ and SMQ have the same hexagonal crystal structure. The type and concentration of different impurities are also observed and given in Table 2 as a result of XRF analysis of the TMQ and SMQ samples. Si, Cu, Fe, Mg and S appeared as the major trace elements of the
Conclusion
In this study, TMQ and SMQ samples were analyzed using the XRD and XRF methods to determine the crystalline structures and elemental–chemical composition of those quartz samples. As a result the XRD measurements show that TMQ and SMQ samples have the same hexagonal crystal structure. XRF results show that TMQ contains significant amounts of Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O and TiO2 while SMQ samples contain more SiO2 compared to TMQ. The TL emission of the TMQ exhibits a higher intensity than the SMQ samples
Acknowledgments
This study was carried out at the Cukurova University, Adiyaman University. The authors are grateful to TUBITAK (Turkish Scientific and Technology Research Council) for its financial support under the contract number 105Y349 to purchase RISØ TL/OSL DA-20 equipment.
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