ReviewLong intergenic non-protein coding RNA 460: Review of its role in carcinogenesis
Introduction
Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) constitute a group of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with sizes more than 200 nucleotides and no overlap with protein-coding genes [33]. Most of these transcripts are not evolutionary conserved and have been subjected to rapid evolution, particularly in higher organisms. Other important characteristics of lincRNAs which separate them from mRNAs are their low expression level and high tissue specificity. Moreover, they differ from mRNAs in some other biological aspects such as generation, degradation and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms [33]. The known biological effects of lincRNAs include induction of chromatin configurations that surge or inhibit transcriptional activation, arranging high-order nuclear structures, functioning as scaffolds for proteins and RNAs and serving as molecular decoys [33]. The involvement of lincRNAs in enhancer-like activities has been suggested by the observed effects of lincRNAs transcription on expression of their neighboring genes in an independent way from the lincRNA transcripts themselves [33]. Recent studies have shown participation of these transcripts in the carcinogenic processes. In the current manuscript, we tended to describe the role of LINC00460 in this process through summarizing the results of in vitro, in vivo and human studies. This lncRNA is located on chromosome 13 and has seven variants, all of them being categorized as lncRNAs with no protein coding capacity. These splice variants include LINC00460-207, LINC00460-204, LINC00460-205, LINC00460-206, LINC00460-201, LINC00460-203 and LINC00460-202 with sizes of 2124, 1746, 1522, 1322, 1009, 915 and 857 bp, respectively. Brain, endometrium, lymph node, stomach and testis are tissues with the highest expression of this lincRNA (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/728192).
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Cell line studies
Over-expression of LINC00460 has been reported in adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells. Down-regulation of expression of LINC00460 in these cells has significantly suppressed their proliferation and induced apoptotic pathways. LINC00460 has been found to sequester miR-539 [39], a miRNA that suppresses lung carcinogenesis through modulation of expression of FSCN1 [60] and DCLK1 [8]. LINC00460 has also been recognized as a biomarker for determination of poor response to
Animal studies
The oncogenic roles of LINC00460 have been verified in animal models of different types of cancers including lung, colorectal, breast, bladder, liver, kidney, thyroid and ovarian cancers all of them showing that LINC00460 silencing leads to reduction of tumor size and attenuation of malignant behaviors of cancer cells (Table 2).
Human studies
Expression of LINC00460 has been assessed in a variety of tumor types. In fact, all conducted studies have reported up-regulation of this lincRNA in tumor samples compared with their corresponding controls which are in most cases the non-malignant tissues in neighboring of neoplastic tissues (Table 3). Moreover, the correlation between expression levels of LINC00460 and clinical outcome has been appraised in many types of cancers. In lung cancer, high expression of LINC00460 has been identified
Discussion
High throughput sequencing methods have resulted in identification of differential expression of several lincRNAs in cancer cells versus non-neoplastic cells. LINC00460 is an oncogenic lncRNA that promotes carcinogenesis through different mechanisms. Moreover, through targeting miRNAs that regulate sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, it can affect response of cancer cells to these agents. The effects of LINC00460 in modulation of chemosensitivity have been verified through studies in cell
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by shahid beheshti university of medical sciences.
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