Solid state fermentation for the production of γ-decalactones by Yarrowia lipolytica
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Lactones are aroma compounds present naturally in many fruits and fermented foods. Their biotechnological synthesis comes from C18-hydroxylated fatty acids. Five lactones may be detected during the degradation of ricinoleic acid, by yeast cells: 5-hydroxy-ε-dodecalactone, γ-decalactone, 3-hydroxy-γ-decalactone, dec-2-en-4-olide and dec-3-en-4-olide [1], [2], [3] (the latter decalactones are shown in Fig. 1). During the peroxisomal β-oxidation of hydroxylated fatty acids by the yeast Y. lipolytica, which is considered as a model organism for the metabolism of hydrophobic compounds [38], the four γ-decalactones encountered above have been detected [2], [3], [4], [5].
The production of lactones in submerged cultures has been widely investigated, including the metabolic pathway and the improvement of the β-oxidation flux which has been studied on genetically modified yeast strains [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. Some authors have focused on the effect of environmental condition changes by modifying pH, substrate concentration, inoculum density, or aeration to improve the production of active compounds [11], [12], [13], [14]. From their studies, oxygen availability appears to be a key parameter driving the extent of oxidation [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. Interestingly, an airlift biofilm reactor explored by Escamilla-García et al. [13] led to the formation of adhering biofilms of Y. lipolytica and to the concomitant stimulation of the production of 3-hydroxy-γ-decalactone with a ten-fold concentration increase. These results drove us to get interested in a solid state fermentation (SSF) process which would allow the microorganisms to keep in tight contact with the substrate to be in a direct contact with the air oxygen. Y. lipolytica has been widely used in submerged cultures in large applications such as the production of lipases, organic acids and lactones. Only few research works have investigated SSF for production by this species and these papers were limited to the production of lipase [22], [23], [24], [25]. In recent years, SSF has greatly expanded its application to the production of various metabolites [16], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44]. It was found that SSF has various advantages compared to submerged fermentation [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. In our aim to produce lactone in SSF, by taking into account the oxygen availability as the main factor involving peroxisomal β-oxidation in lactone production, different aeration conditions will be studied. When the substrate structure does not enable microorganisms to grow in SSF, inert supports have to be used. In our study, different inert supports and substrate were selected for the first time to study the growth of Y. lipolytica and the production of γ-decalactones in SSF. Inert supports were used after impregnation with the liquid biotransformation medium containing castor oil as the substrate. The most efficient inert support or substrate for lactone production was selected for the study of the importance of oxygen in SSF. Experiments with three different conditions in SSF reactor types, wide-mouth Erlenmeyer flask (static aeration), forced aeration mini-reactor and small-headspace bottle (without aeration) have been carried out. An alternative system for lactone production by Y. lipolytica is proposed for the first time in this study.
Section snippets
Solid supports
Corncob, luffa sponge and cellulose sponge were used as the solid supports and castor seed was used as the substrate in this study. Corncob (Grits®, France) was used without any pretreatment. Luffa sponge was obtained from the dried fruit of Luffa free of seeds (Fig. 2) (origin Cambodia). It was cut into rectangular prism shape (approximately 1 cm by 1 cm by 0.5 cm). The pretreatment procedure was modified from Pazzetto et al. [26]: The rectangular prisms of luffa sponge were washed thoroughly
Static aeration using wide-mouth Erlenmeyer flasks
To investigate the potential of SSF for lactone production, supports such as cellulose sponge, corncob and luffa sponge, and castor seeds as a substrate were used. Y. lipolytica W29 grew well on all supports and on the substrate used. When using logistic differential equation for the growth study in different supports, the specific growth rates of Y. lipolytica on luffa sponge and cellulose sponge were not significantly different (approximately 0.12 h−1) with the maximum biomass concentration of
Discussion
It is the first study which emphasizes the SSF process in lactones production by Y. lipolytica. We have investigated an adaptation from submerged fermentation to SSF by using different solid supports and a substrate using wide-mouth Erlenmeyer flask (static aeration). In SSF for lactones production, it is necessary to use a higher yeast cells inoculum density compared to the submerged fermentation. This may result from the fact that, in SSF, microbial cells are generally fixed on the solid
Conclusion
A new system of lactone production in SSF using inert support impregnated with the biotransformation medium was studied for the first time in this work. Luffa sponge was found as an efficient solid support compared to the other support/substrate used. Different aeration conditions were also emphasized. Interestingly, the yield of 3-hydroxy-γ-decalactone was very high. This may be related to the morphological change of yeast cells during SSF. To gain a deeper understanding of cells morphological
Acknowledgments
It is a pleasure to acknowledge with gratitude the scholarship support of the French Embassy in Cambodia as well as an attribution of financial support from AUF (Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie). We are also thankful to C. Bernard-Rojas, G. Pescher, and B. N. Pham-Hoang, for technical help.
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