ReviewRecent developments in drying and dewatering for low rank coals
Introduction
Increasing world populations and resulting economic issues have led to drastic increases in the demand for energy. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas have thus far been the principal commodities – up to about 85% – in meeting the world's commercial energy needs [1], [2]. Today, among all energy-rich materials, the use of coal has increased most rapidly generating 42% of the world's electricity [3]. Furthermore, in many countries, such as the United States, about half of electricity used is generated from coal [4]; in China the number is more than 70% [5]. Coal has retained its major role because of advantages-such as high density, low cost and ease of combustion [6]. However, the increase in global coal consumption has led to an alarming rise in emissions of CO2, NOx and SOx into the environment [7]. According to reported data, more than 35% of the emitted CO2 in the entire world is derived from coal [8]. Hence, for the sustainable development of the coal industry, there is no doubt of the necessity to develop energy conservation and emission reduction technologies.
Although the reserve of coal is abundant, about half of the world's coal deposits are low rank coals, which are relatively inexpensive, at just 20–30% of the price of high ranked coal [9]. Low rank coals (i.e., lignite, brown coal and sub-bituminous coals), are very abundant in Australia, Central Europe and Eastern Europe, the northern US, Germany, Japan and China [10]. The total world reserves of lignite are about four trillion tons, and in China, the reserves of lignite are about 190.3 billion tons (41.18% of the total coal reserve of China) [11]. Therefore, it is imperative that low rank coals be used cleanly and efficiently. However, the most obvious disadvantage of low rank coals – especially lignite and brown coal – is their high moisture content (25–70%), which significantly impacts utilization processes, including lowering power plant efficiency, increasing transportation costs, raising CO2 emission, and spontaneous combustion during storage [9], [12], [13], [14]. Generally, the moisture content of lignite, reduced to about 5–10%, can be used economically [15]. Reported results show that reducing moisture in coal from 40 to 25% can lower the average reduction in auxiliary power such as fans and milling by 3.8% [16]. The overall efficiency of raw lignite (with a water content of 35–55%), can be enhanced by 2–3% using a pre-drying process [17]. For brown coals (typically 55–70% as mined), 20–25% of the heat of coal combustion is wasted in removing water using conventional processes [18]. By optimizing the drying process, the efficiency of brown coal power plants could be increased by 4–6% [19]. At present, burning brown coals produces more carbon dioxide (about one-third more), than burning black coals [18]. When the moisture of the coal is reduced from 60 to 40%, the relative reduction of CO2/MWh can reach 30% [20]. Thus, to decrease energy consumption, pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions of low rank coals during the utilization process, efficient and appropriate drying and dewatering technologies must be developed [21], [22].
Successful research on mining, beneficiation, transportation and combustion of coal has been conducted in the past decades. Scott et al. [23], provided a general review of existing opencast coal mining methods in Australia. Dwari and Rao [24], presented a summary assessment of different technologies and their performances in the beneficiation process of coals. Mathews and Chaffee [25] offered a dedicated review of the history and advances in the structural representations of coal. Oh [26], studied carbon capture and storage potential in coal-fired plants in Malaysia. Dolan et al. [27], reviewed the development of sulfur removal from coal-derived syngas. With the development of energy saving in the coal industry, it is also necessary to summarize the advances in drying and dewatering technologies of low rank coals.
There are several methods for drying and dewatering low rank coals for upgrading. In the present study, the development of drying and dewatering technologies of low rank coals is examined, as well as their drying mechanisms and operating conditions. The influences of drying temperature, pressure and coal size are also described. Future challenges for upgrading low rank coals, deposited in arid geological environments by drying and dewatering technologies, are also presented and discussed.
Section snippets
Moisture states in coal
A number of oxygen – functional groups existing in low rank coals lead to a hydrophilicity and high water content [28], [29]. Both physical and chemical changes may occur during the drying and dewatering process. To develop efficient drying and dewatering technologies for low rank coals, it is necessary to understand the fundamental characteristics of coal structure, particularly in relation to coal–water interactions [18]. In general, the water in low rank coals can be divided into freezing
Waste heat utilization
Energy consumption during drying and dewatering low rank coals is inevitable. Generally, the energy efficiency of different drying and dewatering techniques varies. One of the most effective ways to improve the efficiency of low rank coal-fired power units is to use the waste heat obtained from boiler exhaust gases. According to the above mentioned techniques for drying and dewatering low rank coals, the unit efficiency can be significantly increased. An additional optimization method, which
Conclusions
This paper provides a comprehensive overview on recent studies related to drying and dewatering for low rank coals using evaporative and non-evaporative drying technologies. Conclusions and recommendations for future research in selecting drying technologies to upgrade low rank coals are as follows:
- (1)
For evaporative drying, the selection of a drying medium is very important. The main drying medium for current evaporative drying technologies contains hot air, hot gas and superheated steam.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Project No. 2012CB214904), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51134022), the Natural Science Foundation of China for Innovative Research Group (No. 51221462), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2014M551692).
References (94)
- et al.
Coal resources, reserves and peak coal production in the United States
Int J Coal Geol
(2013) - et al.
A study on the effects of catalysts on pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of Turkish lignite in oxy-fuel conditions
Fuel
(2014) Cleaning study of a low-rank lignite with DMS, Reichert spiral and flotation
Fuel
(2014)Reserve reporting in the United States coal industry
Energy Policy
(2012)- et al.
Coal consumption and industrial production nexus in USA: cointegration with two unknown structural breaks and causality approaches
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2012) - et al.
The effect of temperature on various parameters in coal, biomass and CO-gasification: a review
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2012) - et al.
Life cycle assessment for co-firing semi-carbonized fuel manufactured using woody biomass with coal: a case study in the central area of Wakayama, Japan
Renew Sustain Energy Rev
(2011) - et al.
Hydrothermal upgrading of Loy Yang brown coal – effect of upgrading conditions on the characteristics of the products
Fuel Process Technol
(2008) - et al.
Process modelling of dimethyl ether production from Victorian brown coal—integrating coal drying, gasification and synthesis processes
Comput Chem Eng
(2013) Laboratory investigation of drying process of Illinois coals
Powder Technol
(2012)