Original articleInfluence of Distance and Near Visual Impairment on Self-Reported Near Visual Functioning in a Multinational Study
Section snippets
Study Sites and Sampling
Details of the study sites and sampling methods have been described previously.13 In brief, this cross-sectional study was conducted among different populations at 7 sites in 6 countries in 2008 and 2009: 1 rural site (Kaski) in Nepal, 1 rural site (Madurai District) in India, 1 semiurban site (Durban) in South Africa, 1 semiurban site (Dosso) in Niger, 1 urban site (Los Angeles) in the United States, and 1 urban site (Guangzhou) and 1 semirural site (Shunyi) in China.
Participants 35 years of
Results
Among the 14 804 participants examined within the 7 sites, 6851(46.3%) completed the questionnaire interview, with site-specific distributions across age, gender, and education as shown in Table S1 (available at www.aaojournal.org). Overall, 58.1% of those interviewed were women, ranging from 75.8% in Durban to 53.7% in Guangzhou; 39.9% were 65 years of age or older, ranging from 29.7% in Los Angeles to 44.3% in Kaski; and 38.3% were without education, ranging from 3.3% in Los Angeles and 3.4%
Discussion
This study was carried out at 7 sites, within 6 developed and less-developed countries with widely varying distributions of age, gender, and education. The study sample was representative of both rural and urban populations with different ethnicities, cultures, and socioeconomic statuses. Strengths include a population-based design, a large multinational population, and a standardized interviewer-administered VF questionnaire.
The questionnaire comprised 12 items representing overall eyesight,
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2023, British Journal of Ophthalmology
Supplemental material available at www.aaojournal.org.
Disclosure(s): All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE disclosures form.
The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Supported by the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (under National Institutes of Health [Bethesda, Maryland] contract no.: N01-EY-2103); the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no.: 2019TQ0365 [X.H.]); the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC0116500 [M.H.]); the Fundamental Research Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology (M.H.); and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (grant no.: 2013B20400003 [M.H.]. The sponsor or funding organization had no role in the design or conduct of this research.
HUMAN SUBJECTS: Human subjects were included in this study. The human ethics committees at the World Health Organization Secretariat Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects approved the study. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Ethics Committee at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, the Programme National de Lutte Contre la Cécité (PNLCC), the University of KwaZulu Natal-AVRI, the Nepal Netra Jyoti Sangh; the Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology, the University of Southern California, and the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All research adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent.
No animal subjects were included in this study.
Author Contributions:
Conception and design: Ellwein, Abdou, Naidoo, Sapkota, Thulasiraj, Varma, Zhao, He
Analysis and interpretation: Han, Ellwein, He
Data collection: Han, Ellwein, Abdou, Naidoo, Sapkota, Thulasiraj, Varma, Zhao, He
Obtained funding: Ellwein
Overall responsibility: Han, He