Viscosity of fiber preloads affects food intake in adolescents
Introduction
The current prevalence of overweight and obese adolescents in the United States is estimated at 34% and the prevalence is increasing [1]. In addition to a decrease in physical activity, the inability to control food intake is one of the most significant factors contributing to weight gain [2].
Soluble dietary fiber has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on satiety, food intake, and weight control [3]. Soluble fiber may alter viscosity of gastrointestinal contents and affect multiple targets of hunger and food intake [4]. Three main effects of fiber on satiety have been proposed: gastric distension (mechanical effects) [4], slower absorption of macronutrients resulting in a reduction in postprandial glycemia (metabolic effects) [5], and enhanced effects of hunger-related hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (hormonal effects) [6].
In this study, we compare the effects of three fibers including cellulose (CE), glucomannan (GLM), and a novel viscous polysaccharide (NVP), that differ only in viscosity, on food intake and appetite ratings. Cellulose is a fiber with a low level of viscosity, is not digested or absorbed, and based on epidemiological studies, may have properties that aid the regulation of weight [7]. Glucomannan is a soluble dietary fiber with one of the highest inherent viscosities known [8] and has been shown to improve weight control [9]. The NVP is a novel, proprietary product manufactured by a proprietary process from three complementary fibers, namely xanthan, glucomannan, and sodium alginate, that act synergistically and result in increased viscosity which is approximately 2–3 times higher than the inherent viscosity of each individual ingredient [10], and also has the highest viscosity of the three fiber preloads investigated in this study. Using a proprietary viscous fiber blend (US patent 7,326,404), that is a prototype of the NVP, we have previously demonstrated improvements in glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [11], [12].
We hypothesized that the highly viscous nature of the NVP would produce an augmented effect on food intake and appetite ratings compared to the lower viscosity fibers, GLM and CE. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess food intake and appetite ratings in healthy weight adolescents following the consumption of three fiber-enriched preloads which differed only in the level of viscosity due to the addition of CE (low-viscosity), GLM (moderate-viscosity), and NVP (high-viscosity). If effective, these preliminary results could be used as a basis for further testing in the development of a simple dietary strategy for overweight and obese adolescents.
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Subjects
The study included healthy subjects with a body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2, between 15 and 18 years of age, non-smokers, scoring ≥50 mm on the palatability visual analog scale (VAS) [13] for the vegetarian pizza used in this study. Standard exclusion criteria included the presence of diabetes, food allergies, dietary restraint (Eating Habits Questionnaire > 11) [14], depression (Beck Depression Inventory Scale > 9) [15], use of medications that influence appetite or carbohydrate metabolism, substance
Subjects
Approximately 40 individuals were screened and 35 subjects were enrolled in the study. Final analysis included 31 participants (six males, 25 females) with a mean age of 16.1 ± 0.6 years and BMI 22.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2. Of the four subjects not included in the analyses, one subject did not follow the protocol, one subject's food intake was interfered by environmental cues, one subject had problems eating at the visit and one subject's data were not used due to recording error.
Viscosity
In vitro viscosities of the
Discussion
This study demonstrated significantly lower pizza intake after the high-viscosity NVP preload compared to the medium-viscosity GLM and low-viscosity CE fiber preloads in healthy weight adolescents. Appetite scores, physical symptoms, and 24-h nutrient intake did not differ significantly between treatment groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that food intake following a controlled dietary fiber preload may be dependent on viscosity.
Hunger and food intake are regulated
Acknowledgment
We extend our sincere appreciation to InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada, for providing the financial support and the test material for this study.
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