Materials Today Communications
Anticancer activity of pure and silver doped copper oxide nanoparticles against A549 Cell line
Graphical Abstract
Introduction
Cancer is a disease that divides the abnormal cells uncontrollably which are present in the part of the human body. The World Health Organization (WHO) has comprehensively reported that nearly 10 million humankind are dying because of cancer worldwide [1]. There are 5 major groups of cancer they are: Carcinoma, Leukemia, Sarcoma, Lymphoma, and Myeloma cancers. Carcinoma is one of the most frequent types of cancer among various kinds. It is found on the surface of internal organs and glands that are usually covered by the tissue or skin. Some examples of this are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer. Among them, 18.4% of all deaths occurred from lung cancer [2]. During the time of diagnosis, approximately 70% of lung cases have a progressive disease but after diagnosis, only 15% of patients are alive [3]. In many countries, the reason for cancer is that the rate of mortality increases mainly due to inhabitants, population, age, growth, and lifestyle of people who feel anxiety, smoke is affected by radiation or environmental pollution and inadequate physical activities [4]. There are several techniques to cure lung cancer including, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. These techniques are used just to halt the growth of multiple cells which can increase the lifetime of patients.
At the same time, the usage of chemotherapy drugs has its demerits like severe side effects, pernicious and high-cost effectiveness [5], [6], [7]. To overcome this, nanomaterials are found to be an important one for the finding of present-day cancer drugs and they played a vital role in the treatment of cancer [8], [9], [10]. Nanoparticles are beneficial in the field of bio-medicine especially in cancer therapy due to their unique properties like large surface-to-volume ratio and nanoscale size in the range of 1–100 nm [11]. Moreover, they also provide an increased amount of drug efficacy with the extended-release of drug matter [12]. Typically, cancer cells are targeted by metal nanoparticles [13].
Researchers also have proved that metal nanoparticles like silver [14], gold [15], cerium [16], iron [17], cobalt [18], zinc oxide [19], and titanium dioxide [20] have a good meritorious anticancer activity. Among them, Copper oxide nanoparticles can kill cancer cells and it has been captivated by all the researchers due to their long everlasting span and they are quite cost-effective [21]. In lung epithelial A549 cells, the cell cycle was arrested by the CuO Nps, from which copper ions are released. Then it persuades DNA damage, started to regulate downwards the cell nuclear antigen, and finally, it gets proliferated [22]. Copper Oxide nanoparticles have distinctive properties towards electrical, optical, chemical, thermal, and biological. Moreover, it has enormous applications in various fields like biomedical, industrial, environmental, and pharmaceutical [23], [24]. Of all metals, Silver is one of the most valuable metals with properties like electronic, chemical, and optical [25] in addition, it has many remarkable therapeutic applications such as anti-angiogenesis, anti-cancer, anti-platelet, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities [26], [27], [28], [29]. Nanoparticles can be synthesized using both physical and chemical methods [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]. To overcome the drawbacks and the usage of chemical reagents which include noxiousness, and health hazardousness [35], [36], the present study was carried out to synthesize pure and silver doped copper oxide nanoparticles of various concentrations in eco-friendly routeway by M. Oleifera leaf extract. This plant belongs to the family of Moringaceae and it is commonly known as the “Drumstick tree” [37]. The secondary metabolites have played a major role in biological properties [38]. M. Oleifera Leaves contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and phenols reduces the Cu2+ ions in the precursor, and also biomolecules such as amino acids and proteins act as an efficient reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents [39], [40]. Related to Copper and Copper Oxide nanoparticles mediated from the plant extract there is numerous research on anticancer activity against lung, breast, colon, and blood that has been reported [41]. As mentioned earlier, Copper, silver, and gold nanoparticles are suitable materials for bio-applications. Among these, we were interested to investigate the biocompatibility for pure and while incorporating silver as a dopant into CuO nanoparticles against human A549 lung cancer of various concentrations using M. Oleifera leaf extract and to study the anticancer activity.
Section snippets
Materials
The chemicals, Copper (II) chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2 H2O), and Silver nitrate (AgNO3) are of analytical grade, purchased from Sigma Aldrich with 99% and all aqueous solutions have been prepared using double distilled water. 2′, 7′ -dichlorofluorescein-diacetate was purchased from Merck. Dimethyl thiazolyl tetrazolium bromide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acridine orange/ethidium bromide, and Hoechst were obtained from Hi-Media. All the chemicals used for cell cultures are cell culture grades.
Preparation of leaf extract
Moringa
X-ray diffraction
XRD spectra for pure and Ag-doped CuO nanoparticles of various concentrations mediated from M. Oleifera leaf extract was shown in Fig. 2. The X-ray diffraction pattern explains that the peaks show good crystalline nature due to the absence of other peaks like Cu(OH)2, and Ag, and it confirmed the presence of CuO nanoparticles. Furthermore, peak intensities were identical with JCPDS card no. (01–089–5899) and it indicated that the planes were in the monoclinic phase. The average crystallite size
Conclusion
Pure and Ag-doped CuO nanoparticles of various concentrations have been synthesized using M. Oleifera leaf extract as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. In contrast to conventional methods, the greener approach is facile, affordable, expeditious, and eco-friendly. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and UV studies have confirmed the formation of synthesized nanoparticles. Besides, the anticancer activity of pure, and Ag-doped CuO nanoparticles of various
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References (55)
- et al.
Biocompatibility and biodistribution of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid loaded poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
Biomed. Pharmacother.
(2014) - et al.
Nanosilver – the burgeoning therapeutic molecule and its green synthesis
Biotechnol. Adv.
(2009) - et al.
Enhanced antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cryphonectria sp. evaluated singly and in combination with antibiotics
Nanomed.: Nanotechnol., Biol. Med.
(2013) - et al.
An evidence-based environmental perspective of manufactured silver nanoparticle in syntheses and applications: a systematic review and critical appraisal of peer-reviewed scientific papers
Sci. Total Environ.
(2010) - et al.
Synthesis and characterization of CuAlS2 nanoparticles by mechanical milling
Mater. Today Commun.
(2021) - et al.
High permeation and antifouling polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes with in situ synthesized silica nanoparticles
Mater. Today Commun.
(2020) - et al.
Structure, electronic structure, optical and magnetic studies of double perovskite Gd2MnFeO6 nanoparticles: first principle and experimental studies
Mater. Today Commun.
(2020) - et al.
Ball-like nickel hydroxide nanoparticles: Electro-synthesis, characterization, and application
Mater. Today Commun.
(2021) - et al.
Synthesis of flower-like copper oxide microstructure and its photocatalytic property
Phys. B: Condens. Matter
(2019) - et al.
Structural, optical, electrical and magnetic properties of Cu and Ni doped SnO2 nanoparticles prepared via Co-precipitation approach
Phys. B: Condens. Matter
(2020)
Zn doping induced band gap widening of Ag2O nanoparticles
J. Alloy. Compd.
Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction
Biotechnol. Annu. Rev.
Preparation, characterization and anti-cancer activity of graphene oxide‐-silver nanocomposite
J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol.
Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries
CA: a Cancer J. Clin.
Cancer statistics
CA: a Cancer J. Clin.
Global cancer statistics
CA: a Cancer J. Clin.
In vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity of copper oxide nanostructures in human breast cancer michigan cancer foundation-7 cells
J. Med. Sci.
Nanotechnology in bladder cancer: diagnosis and treatment
Cancers
DNA based and stimuli-responsive smart nanocarrier for diagnosis and treatment of cancer: applications and challenges
Cancers
Antitumor activities of Metal oxide nanoparticles
Nanomater
Chitosan nanocarriers for microRNA delivery and detection: a preliminary review with emphasis on cancer
Carbohydr. Polym.
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins: implications for nanotechnological applications in biosensing and drug/gene delivery
Nanomaterials
Introduction to nanoparticles
Agricultural waste Annona squamosa peel extract: biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc.
Green synthesis: in-vitro anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles on human cervical cancer cells
J. Clust. Sci.
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their anticancer activity
Cancer Nanotechnol.
Cited by (7)
Antimicrobial and antiurolithiatic activities of pure and silver doped copper oxide nanoparticles using Moringa Oleifera leaf extract on struvite urinary stones
2022, Applied Surface Science AdvancesCitation Excerpt :The presence of CC stretching and OH bending vibrations of the aromatic ring and carboxylic acids and CH stretching were detected by the peaks obtained at 1632.16 cm−1, 1442.81 cm−1, and 1022.39 cm−1. The asymmetric stretching (CuO) was assigned by the strong absorption peak at 624.23 cm−1 and 523 cm−1 confirming the formation of CuO nanoparticles [19]. The presence of charge and the stability of the green synthesized nanoparticles were studied through zeta potential analysis.
Investigation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and photocatalytic dye degradation activity of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles using Ceropegia debilis plant extract
2024, Clean Technologies and Environmental PolicyScreening of Anti-cancer Activity of rGO–Bi<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> Nanocomposite on Apoptosis in A549 and NCI-H460 Lung Cancer Cell Lines
2023, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and MaterialsDoes the doping strategy of ferrite nanoparticles create a correlation between reactivity and toxicity?
2023, Environmental Science: Nano