Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality of the Metabolic Syndrome
Section snippets
Metabolic risk factors and cardiovascular disease
Central obesity and insulin resistance are the common underlying denominators of MetS, and are thought to manifest as several metabolic risk factors, including atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated plasma glucose, elevated blood pressure, proinflammatory state, and prothrombotic state [2], [3], [4], [5], [8]. These metabolic risk factors are believed to have a direct effect on atherosclerotic disease.
Risk of cardiovascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome
The data to support MetS as a risk factor for the subsequent development of CVD are outlined below. Once diabetes emerges, cardiovascular risk increases even further [22]. Summaries of relevant studies described in this article are shown in Table 1.
Part of the difficulty in establishing the diagnosis of MetS is that it lacks a uniformly accepted definition. There are three currently recognized criteria sets, as reviewed separately in this issue. The existence of several diagnostic criteria for
Risk assessment for future development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in individuals who have the metabolic syndrome
To reduce the lifetime risk of ASCVD, all individuals found to have the MetS deserve a comprehensive global risk assessment and long-term monitoring [2]. Individuals who have clinical ASCVD (eg, CHD, stroke, or peripheral artery disease [PAD]) or who have diabetes belong in a high-risk category and should be treated more aggressively with risk factor-targeted pharmacotherapy, in addition to lifestyle intervention to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. Recommendations from ATP-III and
Clinical implications of diagnosing the metabolic syndrome
The surge of public interest in the MetS and the flux of recent publications on this subject have increased health care providers' interest and understanding of the links between obesity, insulin resistance, and CVD. Although studies examining the short-term predictive value of the MetS do not support its superiority over the Framingham-based risk prediction system, the diagnosis of the MetS remains a strong predictor of CVD risk, and identifies high-risk patients in whom detailed global risk
Summary
CVD remains the most widespread health care problem in the United States. Recently, the MetS has received an increasing amount of attention because of the growing prevalence of obesity and its association with heart disease. Longitudinal observational studies have confirmed that the MetS is a risk factor for the subsequent development of CVD and mortality. Evidence also suggests that women who have MetS are more susceptible to CVD and cardiovascular mortality than men. Identifying patients who
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2022, Current Opinion in PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :T2D is often accompanied by cardiovascular risk factors, which include central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and low levels of HDL-C, the association of these conditions is termed ‘metabolic syndrome’ or ‘insulin resistance syndrome’ [16]. Furthermore, the molecular basis of IR directly contributes to the pathogenesis of CVD, independently of other metabolic defects [17]. Actually, obese individuals without DM, having IR syndrome display a similar increased risk for CVD compared to T2D [17].
Sleep and Metabolic Syndrome
2021, Nursing Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :In 2015 to 2016, the prevalence (ATP III criteria) increased to 36.9% among adults aged 20 years or older and to 50.4% among those aged at least 60 years.5 The interplay of this cluster of metabolic aberrancies, spurred on by an accumulation of visceral fat and linked to insulin resistance, increases the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), atherosclerosis, and all-cause mortality.14 Each component of MetS is an independent risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, a group of highly prevalent, interrelated conditions that includes cardiovascular disease (CVD) including coronary heart disease, stroke, and hypertension, and metabolic conditions such as obesity, T2DM, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
The prevalence and the clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome patients admitted to the cardiac care unit
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