Through process texture evolution and magnetic properties of high Si non-oriented electrical steels
Highlights
► Low stored energy grains ensure improved magnetic properties (MP) in BCC metals. ► Texture randomization of magnetically unfavorable orientations improves the MP. ► Magnetically favorable texture of hot band improves the MP after recrystallization.
Introduction
The magnetic properties of electrical steels such as magnetization curves, permeability and specific losses are, to a large extent, correlated with the microstructure and crystallographic texture [1], [2], [3]. The resulting microstructural characteristics of materials are conditioned by the thermomechanical processing (TMP) [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7] which involves a slab reheating, hot rolling, cold rolling and final recrystallization (RX) annealing. Microstructure and texture evolutions during hot rolling depend on the rolling temperature and the coiling condition [4], [5], [6]. Textures produced by hot rolling and/or partial recrystallization of austenite give rise to different types of transformation textures [6], [8]. This resulting texture affects the final properties of the cold rolled and subsequently recrystallized sheets [8]. Hot rolling conducted mainly in the austenite region leads to a heterogeneous final microstructure with a low magnetic induction whereas rolling in the two-phase region ensures improved magnetic properties [9], [10]. Reducing the amount of deformation and decreasing the hot rolling temperature typically induce an enhanced magnetic induction in non-oriented electrical steels [9]. It was also found that hot band annealing results in enhanced permeability in Fe–Si steels [11], [12]. In addition to the TMP parameters, the chemical composition [9], [12], [13], by way of its influence on phase transformations, plays an important role in both microstructure and texture evolutions. High Si containing grades, i.e. steels without phase transformations, typically have coarse grained hot band microstructures which enhance shear band formation during cold rolling. These shear bands are fertile fields for Goss oriented grains during subsequent recrystallization annealing [14].
The relevant texture components which evolve during thermomechanical processing of electrical steels are aligned along the < 110 >//RD (α-fibre), (α*-fibre), < 100 >//ND (θ-fibre), < 100 >//RD (η-fibre) and < 111 >//ND (γ) fibres (see Fig. 1). However, the most frequently observed α, α* and γ-fibre texture components, which evolve during both the hot and cold rolling operations, are unfavorable for magnetic properties since they have hard magnetization directions [1], [15], [16]. In addition to a specific texture, a coarse grained microstructure is required to minimize the magnetic losses. Varying the final annealing conditions produces a wide range of microstructures with different textures [14], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. In low carbon grades, a strong temperature gradient, induced by rapid heating, combined with diffusion controlled grain growth [17], [18], [19], [21], [22] serves to produce a homogeneous microstructure of columnar grains which have an appropriate texture for magnetic applications. However, in modern vacuum degassed steels, the amount of carbon is too low to promote carbon induced grain growth, thus rapid heating leads to microstructure refinement [14], [20]. Although, the columnar type of microstructures produced by various methods tends to enhance the magnetically favorable θ and η-fibre texture components, the industrial application of these methods is limited. The same is true of cross rolling [1], two stage cold rolling and surface heat treatment technologies [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28].
Since the volume fraction of < 100 >//ND orientations throughout processing chain is low, attaining the required θ and η-fibre orientations in recrystallization can be quite challenging. As such, tailoring the texture of the final product requires an optimized conventional processing strategy, which involves a thorough understanding of texture evolution along the processing route. The current contribution presents an analysis of the texture evolution in Fe–Si alloys, subjected to different TMP schedules. Texture evolution is discussed on the basis of experimental evidence, crystal plasticity calculations and crystallographic based models of magnetic properties.
Section snippets
Experimental Procedure
The materials used in the current study are Fe–2.4 wt.%Si and Fe–3.0 wt.%Si alloys. Both materials were rolled to a final thickness using a four stand high speed rolling mill at TU Freiberg. The investigated materials were reheated to 1260 °C and hot rolled to a thickness of ~ 2 mm. As Table 1 shows, the hot rolled strips were subjected to different thermomechanical treatments which resulted in four materials (designated A–D) with differing microstructural and textural features. After hot rolling,
Texture Evolution in Thermomechanical Processing Chain
Table 1 lists the hot rolling schedules, with various finishing temperatures, to which the investigated alloys were subjected. According to calculations [9], phase transformations do not occur in Fe–Si–0.01C alloys which have Si contents higher than 2.4 wt.%. This implies that the experimental hot rolling campaigns started and ended in the ferritic region. Fig. 2 reveals that, although the hot rolling was performed in the single phase region, the documented finishing temperatures (Table 1) gave
Conclusions
Results of crystal plasticity calculations reveal that low stored energy grains are more favorable for magnetic properties whereas recrystallization (RX) in Fe–Si steels occurs mainly in the high stored energy regions producing orientations with hard magnetization directions and correspondingly high anisotropy energy density.
Results from experiments and crystallographic based modeling of magnetic properties show that RX texture randomization in materials with magnetically unfavorable
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the FWO-Odysseus Program within the project: Engineering of 3D microstructures in metals: bridging ten length scales of functionality. Dr. Tricia Bennett is gratefully acknowledged for the useful comments and fruitful discussion.
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