Relationship between magnitude of phytoplankton blooms and rainfall in a hyper-eutrophic lagoon: A continuous monitoring approach
Introduction
The effects of rainfall on coastal and/or lagoon ecosystems have received increasing attention in last few decades (Arhonditsis et al., 2002, Meng et al., 2015). Since extreme rainfall events are predicted to increase in the near future, the associated effects are also likely to be more pronounced (Milly et al., 2002, Palmer and Ralsanen, 2002, Power et al., 2013, Tan et al., 2015). Water drainage via riverine input from rainfall events may substantially increase the amounts of dissolved inorganic nutrients and particulate and dissolved organic matter in nearby coastal ecosystems, in addition to diluting the salinity (Chen et al., 2006, Chen et al., 2009, Childers et al., 2006, Dagg et al., 2004). Biological and ecological responses are enhanced following such events, e.g., primary productivity and ecosystem metabolism (Chen et al., 2009, Malone and Ducklow, 1990). Most related studies have focused on the effect of heavy rainfall during short periods of time or in freshwater ecosystems (Hsieh et al., 2012, Meng et al., 2015, Mulholland et al., 2009, Staehr et al., 2012). However, few studies have focused on the effects of rainfall intensity over a longer periods of time in coastal ecosystems, especially in tropical regions (Staehr et al., 2012 and citations therein).
In this study, the influence of rainfall on coastal ecosystems was examined in the Dapeng Lagoon, a semi-enclosed ecosystem located in southwestern Taiwan (Hsieh et al., 2012, Meng et al., 2015). This lagoon is surrounded by heavily farmed fish and shrimp ponds that discharge large amounts of nutrients, organic matter, and aquaculture wastewater into the inner lagoon via a dike, largely during the wet summer months (Hung and Hung, 2003, Tew et al., 2014b). Hung and Hung (2003) have categorized this lagoon as eutrophic, i.e., its measured concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranges from 12.1–30.0 μM. In this lagoon, phytoplankton blooms have a mean chlorophyll a concentration of 37.5 μg L− 1 after a heavy rainfall event (Meng et al., 2015). However, it is still unclear when blooms occur and to what extent, and how these are related to rainfall intensity. Based on the ratio of net primary productivity to plankton community respiration, Hsieh et al. (2012) has suggested that the Dapeng ecosystem remains autotrophic after moderate rainfall events. This finding is similar to that of other coastal ecosystems (Duarte and Agustí, 1998). However, adjacent coastal ecosystems may be more heterotrophic due to their discharge of significant quantities of particulate and dissolved organic matter through fluvial output, which triggers a high rate of microbial metabolism (Chen et al., 2009, Hedges et al., 1994, Malone and Ducklow, 1990). These conclusions were mostly derived from short periods of analysis over an interval of several days (Hsieh et al., 2012, Meng et al., 2015, Mulholland et al., 2009). Thus, it is worthwhile to also examine the impact of rainfall on entire ecosystems over a longer time period.
Lagoons are one of the most suitable natural systems for evaluating the effects of rainfall on ecosystems. In terms of exchange with the outer environment, lagoons form a restricted environment and receive a relatively small volume of water from the seaward due to presence of land barriers; for this reason lagoons are particularly sensitive to episodic impacts (Nixon, 1982). Thus, lagoons are valuable natural systems for exploring how the biological (e.g., phytoplankton bloom) and ecosystemic (e.g., net primary productivity) components of a system respond to rainfall events. In this study, a continuous, real-time monitoring system with multi-parametric sensors was deployed to measure the effects of rainfall events on phytoplankton blooms and ecosystem metabolism over a short- (≤ 30 min) and long-term period (1 year) in Dapeng Lagoon.
Section snippets
Study area, monitoring, and sampling
The study was conducted in Dapeng lagoon situated in southern Taiwan, with an approximate area of 5.32 km2. This lagoon is a shallow, semi-enclosed ecosystem with two openings: one seaward that connects the lagoon to the Taiwan Strait and one terrestrial (the Linpan Dike) by which urban and aquaculture wastewater is discharged to the inner lagoon (Fig. 1). The lagoon is influenced by the semi-diurnal and diurnal tides of the Taiwan Strait. To examine the effect of rainfall on the Dapeng
Effects of rainfall on the physical environment of the lagoon
In general, the physical characteristics of Dapeng Lagoon displayed a seasonal pattern, i.e., high temperature and low salinity during the wet summer months and low temperature and high salinity during the dry months (Fig. 2b and c). Similar results were found in a previous study of this lagoon (Hung and Hung, 2003). This pattern was observed at both stations M1 and M3 (Fig. 2), and temperature and salinity were well-correlated between both stations (all p < 0.001). Since Dapeng Lagoon is a
Conclusion
This study evaluated the effect of rainfall in both the short- and long-term on phytoplankton biomass, ecosystem net primary productivity, and respiration using a continuous, real-time monitoring system during 2015. The study was conducted in a hyper-eutrophic lagoon situated in southern Taiwan. Results show that the magnitude of phytoplankton blooms increased linearly with increasing rainfall intensity. Phytoplankton blooms peaked from one to 12 days after a rainfall event, and the bloom period
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the Dapeng Bay Science Area Administration (103008). The work of C.-C. Chen was partly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under grant Nos: MOST 104-2611-M-003-001 and 105-2119-M-003-007-MY2. The authors would like to thank SimEnvi Consultant Co. Ltd for help with the field work. Data on sea-level height was provided by the Marine Meteorology Center, Center Weather Bureau, Taiwan.
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