Characterization of new sources of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) resistance to bruchids, Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Introduction
Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is an important legume crop of Asia and a major component of many cropping systems. Mungbean seeds are rich in protein and amino acids, thus serve as a valuable protein source for human consumption. Pods and sprouts from mungbean are also eaten as a vegetable and are a source of vitamins and minerals.
Loss of seed yield in mungbean and other legume crops during storage due to bruchids (seed beetles) is a very serious problem for farmers and traders (Rees, 2004). Nahdy (1994) estimated economic losses attributed to bruchid infestation in stored grain legumes to be 35% in Central America, 7–13% in South America, and as high as 73% in Kenya. Bruchid infestation results in substantial reduction in the quantity and quality of the seed. The most destructive bruchid species to mungbean are Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (azuki bean beetle) and C. maculatus (F.) (cowpea beetle), both belonging to order Coleoptera, family Bruchidae. Although bruchids start attacking seeds of host plants in the field, there is only minor damage. However, when the infested seeds that harbored bruchid larvae at varying stages of development are stored, the adults emerge and lay eggs on neighboring seeds (Talekar, 1988). These secondary infestations are very damaging and often lead to complete loss of a seed lot within a few months. As a consequence of infestation, seed lots become warm resulting in quality loss and mould growth (Rees, 2004). Damaged seeds are unsuitable for human consumption, and cannot be used for agricultural and commercial purposes. Chemicals can control bruchids, but economic, health and environmental considerations favor the use of resistant varieties to manage these pests.
Few sources of bruchid resistance have been identified in mungbean. Fujii and Miyazaki (1987) reported complete resistance to C. chinensis in wild mungbean [V. radiata var. sublobata (Roxb.) Verdc.] accession TC1966. TC1966 also possessed complete resistance against C. maculatus, C. phaseoli (Gyllenhal) and Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (Fujii et al., 1989). Talekar and Lin (1992) reported moderate to high resistance to C. chinensis in cultivated mungbean accessions V2709 and V2802 and the resistance was due to antibiosis in the cotyledons. Somta et al. (2007) showed that the resistance to C. chinensis and C. maculatus in the two mungbean accessions is determined by maternal genotypes. Lambrides and Imrie (2000) reported resistance to C. chinensis, C. maculatus and C. phaseoli in wild mungbean sublobata accessions ACC23 and ACC41 from Australia, although they believed that the thick texture layer present on the seeds of these accessions may have acted as an oviposition deterrent and prevented these seeds from being damaged. To prevent breakdown of the resistance by bruchid biotypes or strains in these sources, incorporation of multiple resistance into a mungbean cultivar is desirable but to offer an alternative to plant breeders and entomologists, new sources of resistance must be identified.
The objectives of the present study were to compare the characteristics of C. chinensis and C. maculatus resistance in two newly identified resistant accessions of cultivated mungbean, V1128 and V2817, with previously reported resistant sources V2709 and V2802 and a susceptible cultivar.
Section snippets
Sources of seeds
Four bruchid-resistant mungbean landrace accessions namely V1128, V2709, V2802 and V2817, and one susceptible released cultivar in Thailand, ‘Kamphaeng Saen 1’ (hereafter called KPS1) were used in this study. V1128 and V2709 originated from India, while accessions V2802 and V2817 came, respectively, from the Philippines and Nigeria. V1128 and V2817 were identified to be resistant by researchers at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Taiwan (AVRDC, 1990) and by Mr. P.
Resistance of mature seeds
Results of bruchid infestation on whole seeds are summarized in Table 1. There was a significant difference in the number of C. chinensis eggs laid on seeds among different mungbean accessions. Least eggs were laid on V2817 (3.32 eggs per seed) but this was sufficient to evaluate for resistance in this accession. The number of eggs laid by C. maculatus was not statistically different among accessions. The resistant accessions had zero or a low number of damaged seeds and no or a low number of
Discussion
Previous studies of resistance to bruchids in V1128, V2709 and V2802 produced conflicting results (Talekar and Lin, 1992; Imrie and Lambrides, 1998). Talekar and Lin (1992) reported that V2709 and V2802 were resistant to C. chinensis but Imrie and Lambrides (1998) reported that these two accessions and V1128 were susceptible to both C. chinensis and C. maculatus. Here, we found a high level of resistance in all three resistant accessions as well as the newly identified resistant source V2817.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Project on Genetics and Breeding of Field Legumes for Thailand of the Thailand Research Fund, and the Project on Biotechnology for Varietal Development of Thai Mungbean of the Thailand's National Center for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.
References (28)
Bean sieving, a possible control measure for the dried bean beetles, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Journal of Stored Products Research
(1994)- et al.
Characterization of Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) resistance in rice bean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi)
Journal of Stored Products Research
(2006) - AVRDC (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center), 1990. AVRDC Progress Report for 1988. Asian Vegetable Research...
- et al.
Coevolution of some seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and their hosts
Ecology
(1974) - et al.
A novel defensin encoded by a mungbean cDNA exhibits insecticidal activity against bruchid
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
(2002) Differential activation of maternal and paternal loci in seed development
Nature (London) New Biology
(1973)- et al.
Infestation resistance of wild legumes (Vigna sublobata) to azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its relationship with cytogenetic classification
Applied Entomology and Zoology
(1987) - et al.
Patterns of resistance to bean weevils (Bruchidae) in Vigna radiata-mungo-sublobata complex inform the breeding of new resistant varieties
Applied Entomology and Zoology
(1989) - et al.
Biochemical resistance to bruchid attack in legume seed; investigation and exploitation
- Imrie, B.C., Lambrides, C.J., 1998. Marker-assisted selection for resistance to bruchids. In: Libas, E.M., Lopez, K.S....
How southern cowpea weevil larvae (Bruchidae: Callosobruchus maculatus) die on nonhost seeds
Ecology
Genetic localization of a bruchid resistance gene and its relationship to insecticidal cyclopeptide alkaloids, the vignatic acids, in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)
Molecular and General Genetics
Characterization of resistance to three bruchid species (Callosobruchus spp., Coleoptera, Bruchidae) in cultivated rice bean (Vigna umbellata)
Journal of Economic Entomology
Cited by (56)
Adzuki bean [Vigna angularis (willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi]
2023, Neglected and Underutilized Crops: Future Smart FoodPursuing greener farming by clarifying legume-insect pest interactions and developing marker-assisted molecular breeding
2022, Advances in Botanical ResearchScreening of endemic wild Vigna accessions for resistance to three bruchid species
2021, Journal of Stored Products ResearchCitation Excerpt :Attempts towards identification of resistant sources were undertaken in many wild legumes especially in Vigna subgenus ceratotropics, although the successful transfer of resistance genes to cultivated species was somehow lagging due to several issues (For review please see Nair et al., 2019; Pratap et al., 2018, 2021). Bruchid resistance was initially identified in a wild mungbean accession, TC1966 against C. chinensis and subsequently in a few cultivated and wild relatives of mungbean including V. sublobata (Somta et al., 2007, 2008; Mei et al., 2009; Sarkar et al., 2011), cowpea (Appleby and Credland, 2003), black gram and rice bean (Kashiwaba et al., 2003; Somta et al., 2006; Srinivasan and Durairaj, 2007; Tomooka et al., 2000), azuki bean (Fujii et al., 1989), V. riukinensis and V. reflexo-pilosa (Tomooka et al., 2000) and V. nepalensis (Somta et al., 2008). Several crosses were attempted between bruchid resistant wild Vigna accessions and cultivated ones to inherit resistant genes (Tomooka et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2008; Souframanien et al., 2010; War et al., 2017), however, the studies related to identifying resistance sources from diverse genetic resources in wild Vigna species and the attempts to transfer identified genes to cultivated ones still remained limited (Sarkar et al., 2011; Seram et al., 2016; Mariyammal et al., 2019) and warrant additional research.
Two polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (VrPGIP) of Vigna radiata confer resistance to bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.)
2021, Journal of Plant Physiology