Latent profile analysis revealed 3 distinct configurations of achievement goal orientations that varied primarily in valence of competence (i.e., approach vs. avoidance).
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Athletes oriented by approach types of goals (irrespective of their orientation toward avoidance goals) reported higher levels of autonomous motivation and mental toughness.
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Competitive tennis players tend to pursue a number of achievement goals in combination rather than in isolation.
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Avoidance goals may also be associated with desirable psychological characteristics, provided they are pursued in conjunction with approach goals.
Abstract
Background
Research on achievement goal orientations in sport has typically relied on the use of variable-centered approaches that tend to overlook population heterogeneity. In this study, we used a person-centered approach to identify subgroups of competitive tennis players according to unique combinations of achievement goal orientations and tested for subgroup differences in motivation and mental toughness.
Methods
A sample of 323 competitive tennis athletes (69.35% male) between 15 and 25 years of age (17.60 ± 2.40 years, mean ± SD) completed the 3 × 2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport, Sport Motivation Scale II, and Mental Toughness Index. Latent profile analysis was used to identify unique combinations of achievement goal orientations. Comparisons between latent subgroups on autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and mental toughness were performed using analysis of variance.
Results
Latent profile analysis supported 3 distinct patterns of achievement goal profiles that were primarily distinguishable based on valence of competence (i.e., approach vs. avoidance). Analyses of variance indicated that athletes who were classified into subgroups that endorsed approach types of goals (regardless of the types of avoidance goals they endorsed) reported higher levels of autonomous motivation and mental toughness.
Conclusion
Results indicated that athletes tend to pursue a number of achievement goals collectively rather than in isolation. Although approach goals are more commonly linked to adaptive psychological functioning and positive outcomes, avoidance goals may also be associated with desirable psychological characteristics if they are pursued in conjunction with approach types of achievement goals.
Keywords
Achievement goals
Latent profile analysis
Mental toughness
Motivation
Sport
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Peer review under responsibility of Shanghai University of Sport.
