Gynaecology
Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomy for Uterine Leiomyomas: A Comparison of Complications and Costs

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2017.08.005Get rights and content

Abstract

Objective

Robotic surgery is increasingly being used for treatment of malignant and benign gynaecologic diseases. The purpose of our study is to compare patient perioperative complications and costs of laparoscopic versus robotic-assisted hysterectomy for uterine leiomyomas.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from the United States was conducted, comparing patients who underwent robotic-assisted hysterectomy and laparoscopic hysterectomy (total laparoscopic hysterectomy and laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy) for uterine fibroids between 2008 and 2012. Baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups, and logistic regression was used to compare postoperative outcomes between laparoscopic and robotic approaches. Direct costs were compared between the two groups using linear regression models.

Results

Over a five-year period, the total number of hysterectomies performed increased. Patients undergoing robotic hysterectomy were older and had more comorbidities. In adjusted analyses, women who underwent robotic surgery were more likely to have respiratory failure (0.71% vs. 0.39%; P < 0.0108), postoperative fever (1.05% vs. 0.67%, P < 0.0002), and ileus (1.76% vs. 1.3%; P < 0.0060), and less likely to require transfusions (3.4% vs. 3.96%; P < 0.0037). Robotic surgery was consistently more expensive, with a median cost of $33 928.00 compared with $23 753.00 for laparoscopic hysterectomy.

Conclusion

While there are only slight differences in postoperative complications between laparoscopic-assisted hysterectomy and robotic-assisted hysterectomy, robotic-assisted hysterectomy is associated with considerably greater direct costs. Unless specific indications for robotic-assisted hysterectomy exist, laparoscopic-assisted hysterectomy should be the preferred approach for minimally invasive surgical treatment of leiomyomas.

Résumé

Objectif

La chirurgie robotisée est de plus en plus utilisée pour le traitement des affections gynécologiques malignes et bénignes. Notre étude visait à comparer les complications périopératoires et les coûts associés à l'hystérectomie pour des léiomyomes utérins effectuée par voie laparoscopique ou chirurgie assistée par robot.

Méthodologie

Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte rétrospective à partir de la base de données Nationwide Inpatient Sample des États-Unis, comparant des patientes qui ont subi une hystérectomie assistée par robot et une hystérectomie laparoscopique (hystérectomie laparoscopique totale et hystérectomie vaginale assistée par laparoscopie) pour des fibromes utérins entre 2008 et 2012. Les caractéristiques de référence ont été comparées entre les deux groupes, et une régression logistique a été utilisée pour comparer les issues postopératoires des approches laparoscopique et robotisée. Nous avons également comparé les coûts directs des deux groupes au moyen de modèles de régression linéaire.

Résultats

Sur une période de cinq ans, le nombre total d'hystérectomies effectuées a augmenté. Les patientes ayant subi une hystérectomie assistée par robot étaient plus âgées et avaient un nombre de comorbidités plus élevé. D'après les analyses ajustées, les femmes ayant subi une chirurgie robotisée étaient plus susceptibles de présenter une insuffisance respiratoire (0,71 % contre 0,39 %; P < 0,0108), une fièvre postopératoire (1,05 % contre 0,67 %; P < 0,0002) et un iléus (1,76 % contre 1,3 %; P < 0,0060), et présentaient un risque plus faible d'avoir besoin de transfusions (3,4 % contre 3,96 %; P < 0,0037). La chirurgie assistée par robot était systématiquement plus coûteuse, le coût médian étant de 33 928 $, comparativement à 23 753 $ pour l'hystérectomie laparoscopique.

Conclusion

Bien qu'il n'y ait que de petites différences dans les complications postopératoires entre l'hystérectomie laparoscopique et l'hystérectomie assistée par robot, cette dernière est associée à des coûts directs considérablement plus élevés. À moins d'indication précise pour la chirurgie assistée par robot, l'hystérectomie laparoscopique devrait être l'approche privilégiée pour le traitement chirurgical à effraction minimale des léiomyomes.

Introduction

Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors of the female genital tract arising during reproductive years.1, 2 Prevalence in the premenopausal population varies between 30% and 70% and increases with age.3 In Canada, 70% to 80% of women develop leiomyomas by the age of 50.4 More recent longitudinal observational studies report incidence rates of 12.7 to 29.7 per 1000 woman-year.3, 5

As the most common benign indication for hysterectomy, leiomyomas are responsible for 30% of all hysterectomies in Canada.6 Although the majority of hysterectomies are still performed abdominally (via laparotomy), minimally invasive approaches are increasing.7 These techniques allow for shorter hospital admissions, lower intraoperative blood loss, fewer abdominal wall or wound infections, decreased scarring, and faster recovery.8 Increasingly, robotic surgery is being investigated in gynaecological surgery for benign disease. Despite these attractive features, studies comparing the benefits and limitations of robot-assisted hysterectomy with traditional laparoscopic hysterectomy remain inconclusive.9, 10, 11, 12 In our study, we compare patient demographics, costs, and complications of women who underwent laparoscopic or robot-assisted hysterectomy for uterine leiomyomas.

Section snippets

Materials and Methods

We carried out a cohort study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. These datasets are created by Federal-State-Industry partnerships and funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.13 The associated Nationwide Inpatient Sample database is the largest in the United States, covering 46 states, accounting for more than seven million hospital stays per year, and representing 20% of all discharges from community hospitals (excluding rehabilitation and long-term care

Results

Between 2008 and 2012, a total of 355 321 women in the NIS database without a diagnosed malignancy of the genitourinary tract were diagnosed with leiomyomas. Among them, 175 159 underwent a hysterectomy for leiomyomas, of which 33 088 were laparoscopic-assisted and 10 677 were robotically-assisted. The Figure illustrates the patient flow.

Table 1 compares the baseline characteristics of women who underwent hysterectomy for leiomyomas. In the robotic cohort, women tended to be older and had more

Discussion

The objectives of this study were to compare the complications and total cost associated with laparoscopic and robot-assisted hysterectomies for leiomyomas. Note that vaginal hysterectomies were not included in our study, as there has been a significant decline in the practice of this approach.14 Women undergoing robotic hysterectomy tended to be older and had more comorbidities. There were overall similar risks in both cohorts, with a greater rate of transfusion in the laparoscopic group, and

Conclusion

Both laparoscopic and robotic-assisted hysterectomies for leiomyomas are safe surgical interventions with negligible complication rates. With a consistently greater total direct cost, the robotic approach has minimal advantage compared to laparoscopy.

Acknowledgements

No financial support was received for this study.

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    Competing interests: Dr. Tulandi was an ad-hoc advisor for Sanofi Genzyme, Allergan, and AbbVie, which is outside of this current submitted work. Other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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