Regenerative EndodonticsWhy Biphasic? Assessment of the Effect on Cell Proliferation and Expression
Section snippets
Materials and Methods
Tricalcium silicate cement (Mineral Research Processing, Meysieu, France) and tricalcium silicate cement mixed with either calcium phosphate monobasic (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO) or hydroxyapatite (Mineral Research Processing, Meysieu, France) in 1:1 proportion were prepared.
Characterization of Cement Powders
The results of scanning electron microscopy, EDS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for characterization of the powders are shown in Figure 1. Tricalcium silicate and hydroxyapatite exhibited a very small particle size distribution compared with calcium phosphate monobasic. Tricalcium silicate was composed of calcium, silicon, and oxygen, and both calcium phosphate monobasic and hydroxyapatite were composed of calcium, phosphorus, and oxygen. The phase identification by XRD analysis showed
Discussion
The current research investigates the effect of the addition of 2 types of calcium phosphate cement to tricalcium silicate. In this study, the addition was done in a 1:1 basis. In the commercial versions, the percentage addition is not known, and, thus, the most extreme case scenario was set up. The unhydrated cements were characterized to gather information regarding particle sizes, shapes, and crystallinity because these features modify the hydration mechanism. The set materials after contact
Conclusions
The addition of calcium phosphate to tricalcium silicate–based materials affects the hydration of the resultant material with a reduction in the formation of crystalline calcium hydroxide and deterioration in the biological properties of the material.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Ing James Camilleri of the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering for his technical expertise, Gianella Xerri and Lawrence Spiteri for the sample processing, and ERDF (Malta) for the financing of the testing equipment through the project “Developing an Interdisciplinary Material Testing and Rapid Prototyping R&D Facility” (Ref. no. 012).
The authors deny any conflicts of interest.
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