Biocompatibility Investigation of New Endodontic Materials Based on Nanosynthesized Calcium Silicates Combined with Different Radiopacifiers

doi:10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.041

Journal of Endodontics

Volume 43, Issue 3, March 2017, Pages 425-432

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.041 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
ALBO-MPCA₁ and ALBO-MPCA₂ possess both biocompatibility and bioactivity.
•
Material ALBO-MPCA₁ provokes favorable biological response, comparable with MTA⁺.
•
Material ALBO-MPCA₁ is especially good candidate for further clinical investigations.

Abstract

Introduction

The aim of this article was to analyze biocompatibility and bioactivity of new endodontic materials on the basis of nanosynthesized calcium silicates (ALBO-MPCA₁ and ALBO-MPCA₂) combined with different radiopacifiers in comparison with MTA⁺.

Methods

Morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy, and the pH and ion release analysis were also assessed. Biocompatibility of materials' eluates (24-hour, 7-day, and 21-day) was conducted by using MTT test. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were used for intraosseous implantation. Four calvarial defects per animal were created and filled with freshly prepared investigated materials.

Results

Samples mostly consisted of agglomerates built up from nanoparticles, preferably spherical and rod-like. There was no significant difference among pH values of materials' eluates after 24 hours (P > .05). The amount of calcium and aluminum ion release decreased, whereas the amount of magnesium and bismuth (ALBO-MPCA₁, MTA⁺) and barium (ALBO-MPCA₂) increased during 21-day period. The metabolic activity of cells increased after the extraction time, except in case of undiluted elutes of ALBO-MPCA₂ and ALBO-MPCA₁ (21-day). Histologic analysis of the samples revealed newly formed bone tissue with moderate inflammation for all investigated materials, which subsided during 90-day period to mild. Both MTA⁺ and ALBO-MPCA₁ were in direct contact with the newly formed bone tissue. After 90 days, statistically significant difference in hard tissue formation was observed in comparison of MTA⁺ and ALBO-MPCA₁ with control group (P < .05).

Conclusions

Experimental materials ALBO-MPCA₁ and ALBO-MPCA₂ possess both biocompatibility and bioactivity. Because ALBO-MPCA₁ provokes favorable biological response, it is especially good candidate for further clinical investigations.

Section snippets

Chemical Characterization of Investigated Materials

Briefly, stoichiometric quantities of CaCl₂ × 5 H₂O and silica sol were used for the synthesis of calcium silicate phases, 2β-CaSiO₄ (β-C₂S) and Ca₃SiO₅ (C₃S), whereas calcium chloride tetrahydrate was used as the precursor for production of CaCO₃ (9)_. The investigated materials, ALBO-MPCA₁ and ALBO-MPCA₂, were prepared by mixing calcium silicate phases and calcium carbonate with Bi₂O₃ and BaSO₄ (radiocontrast agents)_, respectively, in the ratio 1:2:2. MTA⁺ (Cercamed, Stalowa Wola, Poland)

SEM Analysis

The sizes of ALBO-MPCA₁, ALBO-MPCA₂, and MTA⁺ particles mostly ranged between 90 and 260 nm, 200 and 500 nm, and 260 and 470 nm, respectively (Fig. 1A–F). Particles were polygonal, elongated in one direction, combined into aggregates of various shapes, mostly spherical and rod-like (1 μm in size), with prevailing calcium silicate phases (Fig. 1A–F).

pH and Ion Release Measurements

The pH values of materials’ elutes showed tendency to increase after 7-day period, and after 21 days these values were lower but still alkaline. No

Discussion

The investigations of metabolic activity of new nanostructured materials that were based on calcium silicates and their in vivo behavior after intraosseous implantation were necessary to assess their biocompatibility and bioactivity. Material biocompatibility is affected by ion release rate as well as by its geometrical design and nanotopology, and therefore these properties were particularly analyzed.

The data obtained by MTT test showed that the metabolic activity of cells increased for all

Conclusions

Taking into account the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that both tested materials ALBO-MPCA₁ and ALBO-MPCA₂ possess both biocompatibility and bioactivity. Because ALBO-MPCA₁ showed much favorable biological response, which is comparable with respected control material MTA⁺, it can be recommended for further clinical investigations as a promising candidate.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Government of the Republic of Serbia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Grant 172026).

The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study.

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Basic ResearchBiocompatibility Investigation of New Endodontic Materials Based on Nanosynthesized Calcium Silicates Combined with Different Radiopacifiers

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Section snippets

Chemical Characterization of Investigated Materials

SEM Analysis

pH and Ion Release Measurements

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Biomaterials

J Dent

J Endod

J Endod

J Endod

J Endod

J Endod

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod

J Endod

J Endod

J Endod

J Endod

Biomaterials

J Endod

Biomaterials

Basic Research
Biocompatibility Investigation of New Endodontic Materials Based on Nanosynthesized Calcium Silicates Combined with Different Radiopacifiers