Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research
Original ArticleEstimation of gingival crevicular blood glucose level for the screening of diabetes mellitus: A simple yet reliable method
Introduction
Advances in science and technology, over the last century, have greatly expanded our knowledge about the relationship of periodontitis with systemic diseases. Periodontal diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM) are closely associated and are highly prevalent chronic diseases with many similarities in pathobiology.2
DM is a complex disease of multiple conditions and syndromes which have glucose intolerance in common.3 DM is associated with a wide range of complications, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, micro and macro vascular diseases, altered wound healing and periodontitis.4 DM is the one of the most frequent metabolic disorders with estimated prevalence of 7% in industrialized countries of which nearly half of cases are undiagnosed. India has nearly 33 million diabetic subjects today with an overall prevalence rate of 4.3%.5
Type 2 DM i.e. non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) constitutes nearly 90% of diabetic population in any country, with a prevalence of 2.4% in rural population and 11.6% in urban population.6 The current classification of periodontal disease and conditions lists DM associated gingivitis under dental plaque induced gingival diseases modified by systemic factors.7
The level of diabetic control is a more important aspect than plaque control in relation to the severity of gingival inflammation. Periodontitis has been proposed as a sixth complication of DM.8 The early diagnosis of diabetes, however, might help to prevent its long-term complications that are responsible for the high morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients.9
Routine probing during a periodontal examination is more familiar to the practitioner and less traumatic. It is possible that gingival crevicular blood (GCB) from probing may be an excellent source of blood glucometric analysis using the technology of portable glucose monitors and therefore no extra procedure, e.g. finger puncture with sharp lancet, is necessary to obtain blood for glucometric analysis.
Even in the case of very low gingival crevicular bleeding, a glucose measurement is possible with the self-monitoring device. Also, the sampling procedure is much easier to perform and less time-consuming. The present study was planned therefore to assess the GCB for estimation of blood glucose level, and to compare this glucose level with that of finger stick blood (FSB) and venous blood (VB)in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
Section snippets
Materials and methods
The study population comprised of patients visiting the Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Ethical clearance for study was taken from institutional ethical committee. All the patients, underwent the study had been fully informed and given written consent for the study procedure as per Declaration of Helsinki. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed over 70 adult patients comprising 28 males and 42 females. Initially,
Statistics and results
The GCB glucose level estimation in a total of 70 subjects showed that among the 35 subjects with unknown glycemic status, 4 subjects were diabetic (new diabetic patients). So finally, the study comprised 39 diabetic patients (diabetic group) and 31 non-diabetic subjects (non-diabetic group). For the diabetic group, the blood glucose levels were in the range of 92–262 mg/dl, with a mean of 156.07 ± 49.23 mg/dl. For the non-diabetic group, blood glucose levels were in the range of 76–122 mg/dl, with
Discussion
There is a two-way relationship between DM and periodontitis. On one hand, poorly controlled DM increases the risk for developing destructive periodontitis and impairs treatment outcome. On the other hand, chronic inflammatory periodontal disease considerably complicates diabetic control.10
Due to this close interrelationship between diabetes and periodontitis, it can be assumed that the dental practitioners especially periodontist are extremely likely to encounter an increasing number of
Conclusion
It can be established that GCB collected during diagnostic periodontal examination may be an excellent source of blood for glucometric analysis. The technique is safe, easier to perform and comfortable for the patients and therefore, helps to increase the frequency of diagnosing the potentially diabetic patients during routine periodontal therapy. Dental surgeons may thus increase their importance as a member of the health team by participating in the search for undiagnosed asymptomatic DM
Conflicts of interest
The authors have none to declare.
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