Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
ReviewAdvanced metal oxide (supported) catalysts: Synthesis and applications
Graphical abstract
Metal oxides catalysts are used in heterogeneous catalysis for chemical processes and have now been developed for their catalytic performance and durability.
Introduction
It is well known that metal oxide catalysts are of importance in heterogeneous catalysis [1], especially chemical processes in industry [2], [3]. A new understanding of catalytic reaction mechanism could make a broad impact because about 80% of the reaction processes in industry relates on catalysts to work effectively [4]. Nanotechnology approaches to catalysts gives new opportunities in the development of advanced heterogeneous catalysts [5]. The performance of metal-oxide catalysts depends on their nature, size, shape, and, surface area, and their relationship is a critical factor in determining catalytic activity and selectivity [6], [7]. According to synthetic approaches to metal oxide catalysts, their activity can be changed and thermal treatments can cause the morphological changes of metal oxide catalysts occurring from sintering process [8]. In addition, active metal-impregnation is very important for creating catalyst activity and durability. The recent researches in heterogeneous catalysis focus on the design of better selective [9], [10], energy saving, durable, intrinsically clean and safer catalytic processes suggested that waste production and by-products can be reduced by very high effective and selective catalysts [11], [12], [13]. This review examines recent advances at the preparation and applications of metal oxide catalysts, especially pertaining to catalytic enhancements, for current and future chemical processes such as olefin formation [9], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] and Fischer–Tropsch process [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], and environmental applications as the oxidation of organic volatile compounds [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], the reduction of NOx [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], etc.
Section snippets
Synthetic methods for metal oxide catalysts
The advanced metal oxide catalysts can be often tailor-made to control the catalytic activity of their surface [1], [6]. Recently, nanotechnology approaches to catalysts gives new opportunities in the development of chemical processes [83], [84], [85]. The catalytic performance of catalysts strongly depends on the preparation methods including the choice of active chemical composition, the deposition methods of the active phase, catalyst promotion, and oxidative and reductive treatments. In
Characterization of metal oxide catalysts
The recent advances in catalysis have paralleled the development of spectroscopic instrumentation. Nanotechnology is helpful of scrutinizing the microstructures of catalyst surface understanding its novel catalysis chemistry. The presence of multiple oxidation states, variable local coordination, coexisting bulk and surface phases as well as surface functionalities such as MOH, MO, or MOM) can be characterized by spectroscopic methods that can determine the fundamental electronic properties of
Applications
The heterogeneous catalysis using especially metal oxide-based catalysts is the most important reaction processes such as Fischer–Tropsch process, alkylation, and transesterification in chemical industry as well as environmental applications such as the oxidation of volatile organic compounds and the reduction of NOx to solve air that give rise to deleterious health and environmental effects.
Conclusions
The preparation and applications of a variety of metal oxide catalysts of alkali, transition metals, rare earth, and their mixed metals, are summarized in this review. Various chemical processes including Fischer–Tropsch process, alkylation, transesterification reaction in biofuel, catalytic oxidation of VOCs, and the catalytic reduction of NOx involving in the presence of metal oxide catalysts are presented and their reaction mechanism on the surface of mixed metal oxides. The scope of
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a grant from the Fundamental R&D Program for Core Technology of Materials (2MR1550) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industrial & Energy and partially by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (2E24571).
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