Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Artemisia sieberi
Introduction
The genus Artemisia, with the common Persian name of ‘dermane’ and also with common English name of ‘wormwood’ includes 34 species that are found wild all over Iran (Mozaffarian, 1996). Plants are the major food sources for human beings. More than 160 individual flavonoid components have been isolated in the genus Artemisia and about one third of them are derivatives of the flavones luteolin and apigenin (Belenovskaja, 1996, chap. 18). Flavonoid components of 130 species of Artemisia have been used for the solution of taxonomic problems at the intrageneric level. Artemisia sieberi (A. sieberi) is an endemic species of Iran, which grows in many regions of Iran. This plant has several therapeutic effects on different conditions such as digestive, fungicidal growth, etc. also; it has pesticide characteristics, especially, against larvae of Anopheles insect. Camphor is a major component that is extracted from A. sieberi.
An “essential oil” can be defined as the volatile material present in plants (Reverchon, 1997, Encyclopedia of food science and technology, 1992) and is usually isolated by either hydrodistillation or solvent extraction. Hydrodistillation has traditionally been applied for essential oil recovery from plant materials. This technique has several disadvantages such as: low yield, long distillation time, losses of volatile compounds as well elevated temperatures and water which can cause the degradation or chemical modification of essential oils (Assis et al., 2000, Doneanu and Anitescu, 1998, Illes et al., 2000, Lehotay, 1997, Oszagyan et al., 1996). Also, there are a few adjustable parameters for hydrodistillation, steam distillation and solvent extraction to control the selectivity of the process. Therefore, developing attractive extraction techniques with better selectivity and efficiency are highly desirable. Consequently, the supercritical fluid extraction technique for solid materials was introduced and extensively studied for the separation of active compounds from herbs and other plants (Lang & Wai, 2001).
The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a good technique for the production of flavors and fragrances from natural materials and can constitute a valid alternative to the conventional essential oil extraction methods (Caredda, Maringiu, Porcedda, & Soro, 2002). It has been widely accepted by many investigators that compared favorably with hydrodistillation the SFE provides a rapid and quantitative method for extracting essential oils from aromatic plants (Hawthorne et al., 1993, Kerrola, 1995, Stahl et al., 1988). By operating SFE in an optimal region, the pressure and temperature can be used to regulate the density; which regulates the solvent power of a supercritical fluid. Recently some articles dealing with comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO2 extracts of plants have appeared in the literature (Anitescu et al., 1997, Omidbaigi et al., 2003, Pino et al., 1999, Reis-Vasco et al., 1999, Sarrazin et al., 2000).
The aim of the present method was the investigating of the effects of experimental parameters such as pressure, temperature, modifier volume and dynamic extraction time on the extraction yield and selectivity of A. sieberi extracts obtained by the SFE. The effects of experimental parameters on the extraction yield and selectivity using an OA9 (34) orthogonal array were investigated. The steam distillation of A. sieberi essential oil has been studied previously (Sefidkon, Jalili, & Mirhaji, 2002). However, to the best of our knowledge no report has yet appeared on the SFE of A. sieberi.
Section snippets
Plant material
A. sieberi was collected from the southern part of Tehran (Iran) in November 2004. The dried plant was stored in a dark place. The sample was ground in a blender to produce a fine powder. The average of particle size was 0.4 mm. A voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences University (Tehran, Iran).
Reagents
HPLC grade dichloromethane and methanol were purchased from Aldrich. Carbon dioxide with the purity of 99.99% was obtained from Daga Company
General
In this study, we tested a static-dynamic SFE approach for yield and extraction of A. sieberi essential oil. The efficiency and selectivity were compared with those of the essential oil composition obtained by hydrodistillation. A 15 min static extraction period was employed in order to increase the sample-extraction contact duration. After 15 min of static extraction, each vessel was flushed with the supercritical CO2 for different dynamic time.
The optimization of the experimental conditions
Several parameters have to be optimized in order to
Conclusions
The extract obtained by the SFE of A. sieberi showed some differences in comparison with the oil obtained by the hydrodistillation. Statistical analysis showed that the pressure of the supercritical CO2 had a significant effect (p > 95%) on the extraction yield. Also, the selectivity of the SFE was higher than that of the hydrodistillation method. On the other hand, the SFE method offers important advantages over hydrodistillation, namely: shorter extraction time (30 min against 3–4 h for
References (24)
- et al.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Angelica archangelica L. root oil
Journal of Supercritical Fluids
(1998) - et al.
Comparison of hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction for the determination of essential oils in aromatic plants
Journal of Chromatography A
(1993) - et al.
Extraction of coriander seed oil by CO2 and propane at super- and subcritical conditions
Journal of Supercritical Fluids
(2000) - et al.
Supercritical fluid extraction in herbal and natural product studies—a practical review
Talanta
(2001) Supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides in foods
Journal of Chromatography A
(1997)Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of essential oils and related products
Journal of Supercritical Fluids
(1997)- et al.
Representativeness of coffee aroma extracts: a comparison of different extraction methods
Food Chemistry
(2000) Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
(1995)- et al.
Isolation of coriander oil: comparison between steam distillation and supercritical CO2 extraction
Flavour and Fragrance Journal
(1997) - et al.
Comparison among different extraction methods (PFE, SFE, Sonication, Soxhlet) for the isolation of organic compounds from coal
Journal of Microcolumn Separations
(2000)
Artemisia: the flavonoids and their systematic value
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and characterization of Laurus nobilis essential oil
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Cited by (52)
Juglone extraction from walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk by supercritical CO<inf>2</inf>: Process optimization using Taguchi method
2020, Journal of Environmental Chemical EngineeringArtemisia sieberi Besser essential oil and treatment of fungal infections
2017, Biomedicine and PharmacotherapyAcute toxicity and sublethal effects of Artemisia sieberi Besser on digestive physiology, cold tolerance and reproduction of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Col.: Dermestidae)
2017, Journal of Asia-Pacific EntomologyCitation Excerpt :At present, the stored product pests control relies predominantly on the use of chemical pesticides such as dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin, which, besides increasing production cost, are also deleterious to human health (Haq et al., 2004; Velki et al., 2014). Consequently, there is a need for the development of environmentally friendly insecticide, as well as improvements in the effectiveness of these compounds (Ghasemi et al., 2007; Plavšin et al., 2015). One such strategy is the application of the essential oils.
The genus Artemisia L. in the northern region of Saudi Arabia: essential oil variability and antibacterial activities
2017, Natural Product ResearchExtraction of Corymbia citriodora essential oil and resin using near and supercritical carbon dioxide
2016, Journal of Supercritical FluidsCitation Excerpt :In addition, SD results in low yield and few adjustable parameters to control the extraction selectivity [14]. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is an alternative method used to recovery and separate extracts from plants, which generally provides extract of higher quality when compared to conventional methods [14–16]. The composition of resin (R) from C. citriodora leaves has been very little studied.