Protective effect of polyphenol extracted from Ecklonia cava against ethanol induced oxidative damage in vitro and in zebrafish model
Introduction
Ethanol causes a critical damage in the human body and induces some severe effects on biological tissues such as liver, brain, stomach, and intestine. Especially, recent research works show that excessive ethanol intake can lead to have many more health problems, including, liver diseases with fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis (Kang et al., 2012a, Kang et al., 2012b). Therefore, many investigators have researched on hepato-protective agent from natural resources and compound such as Taraxacum officinale and bicyclol (You et al., 2010, Zhao et al., 2008). Recently many research studies reported that the relationship between anti-oxidant and hepato-protective effects that provides the fundamental thoughts for the development of new therapeutic against for alcohol liver diseases (Caro and Cederbaum, 2004, Xu et al., 2003). Recently, many researchers have given a wide attention to search natural antioxidants for hepato-protective effect (Jayachitra, Sreelatha, & Padama, 2012). Also, many studies have reported that seaweeds have the potential to be used as a candidate for natural antioxidants (Luo, Wang, Yu, Qu, & Su, 2010). However, there are no reports focusing on hepato-protective effects of seaweed. Recently, reported marine brown seaweed, showed a high content of polyphenols, known as phlorotannins, recognized to have defensive or protective functions against oxidative stress (Kang et al., 2012). Especially, brown algae, Ecklonia cava have been reported to have high polyphenol content. These polyphenol have been reported to possess various biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation and protective effect against oxidative stresses (Kang. et al., 2012, Ko et al., 2011, Yang et al., 2012a).
Taken together, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of polyphenol extract of E. cava (EPE) against ethanol induce oxidative damage in vitro and zebrafish model.
Section snippets
Materials
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin–streptomycin and trypsine–EDTA were purchased from Gibco/BRL (Burlington, Ont, Canada). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), RNase A, dihydroethidium (DE), propidium iodide (PI), 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP, Dojindo, Japan), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Hoechst 33342 were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The other
Protective effects of brown algae against ethanol induced injury in Chang liver cells
In the present study, we screened the cytotoxicity and protective effects of 20 brown algae samples against ethanol-induced cell damage in Chang liver cell line by MTT assay. When the Chang liver cells were treated with the brown algae extracts, slight cytotoxic effects were observed. Among the tested algae, E. cava did not show any cytotoxic effect to the Chang liver cells (Fig. 2A). Furthermore, the concentration of ethanol was also examined for the ethanol-induced cell damage experiment. At
Discussion
Excessive ethanol intake induces harmful effect to the liver by oxidative stress (Albano, 2006, Cohen et al., 2009, Sun et al., 2001). Alcoholic liver disease characterized by an increase of oxidative stress, apoptosis and cell death in the liver (Ambade and Mandrekar, 2012, Minana et al., 2002). Oxidative stress is considered to have an important role of protective effect in the alcoholic liver disease (Shinde, Ganu, Naik, & Sawant, 2012). Recently, seaweed has been reported as important
Conclusion
In the present study, we report be EPE extract on protective effect against ethanol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress through the inhibition of ROS generation. Furthermore, additions of EPE extract to zebrafish model improved ethanol induced survival rate, oxidative stress and cell death. This result indicated that intake of EPE could be beneficial to the human health.
Acknowledgment
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2013-0611).
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