Research articlePotential application of chicken manure biochar towards toxic phenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol in wastewaters
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Environmental pollution is becoming a global issue with the rapid development of industrialization (Rene et al., 2018a, 2018b; Uddandarao et al., 2019; Vinati et al., 2019). Phenolic compounds such as phenol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol are common constituent of industrial wastewater produced from petroleum refineries, coal gasification plants, phenolic resin industries, pesticides, dyes, plastics manufacture and pharmaceutical industries. Phenol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol are recognized as emerging contaminants because of their high toxicity, high resistance to biodegradation and carcinogenicity properties even at low concentrations (She et al., 2005; Das et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2016; Pham et al., 2016a, 2016b; Tang et al., 2018). Exposure to phenol may result in systemic poisoning, weakness, sweating, headache, shock, excitement, kidney damage, convulsions, kidney failure, and even death (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Besides, the discharging of 2,4-Dinitrophenol creates significant health risk such as hyperthermia, increased metabolism, skin allergy and cataracts, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and premature death (Shukla et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2000, 2009). The US Environmental Protection Agency listed Ph and DNP as priority pollutants and the recommended restriction on the concentrations in natural waters is lower than 10 ng L−1. Due to the high toxicity for environment and human, Ph and DNP should be completely removed from industrial effluents before discharge into water systems. Conventional treatments of Ph and DNP contaminated wastewater include advanced oxidation, biological, chemical oxidation and adsorption (Nguyen et al., 2016; Pan et al., 2016; Das et al., 2018; Rene et al., 2018a, 2018b; Hao et al., 2018).
The adsorption method is intensely used for removing organic and inorganic pollutants without the generation of hazardous by-products (Yakout, 2017; Mohammed et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2012) being inexpensive, while the equipment is simple, easy to operate and highly effective. Activated carbon is one of the most commonly used adsorbent in adsorption process due to its high surface area per unit mass. However, due to the high expense of activated carbon, many attempts have been made to develop low-cost adsorbents by using naturally present materials to remove toxic organic pollutants such as Ph and DNP.
Recently, interest has grown in different aspects of the preparation of biochar to utilize their favorable properties for adsorption processes (Tran et al., 2015; Mohammed et al., 2018; Yakout, 2017; Mallek et al., 2018; Mishra et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2019). Production of biochar based on the pyrolysis of biological feedstock materials generally derived from bio-wastes such as forestry waste, poultry litter, activated sludge, algal biomass and crop residues (Hao et al., 2018; Oh and Seo, 2019; Zeng et al., 2019). Thermal pyrolysis can convert almost of biomass into biochar and the life cycle assessment of pyrolysis-biochar systems suggested that it is more environmentally as compared to the chemical treatment method.
Biochar has been recognized as a good sorbent for different kinds of organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, volatile organic compounds and pesticide (Varjani et al., 2019; Oh and Seo, 2019; Kang et al., 2019). Also, biochar was applied for removal of various inorganic contaminants including heavy metals, nitrate and phosphate (Bardestani et al., 2019; Pham et al., 2016a, 2016b; Coleman et al., 2019).
Viet Nam is an agricultural country in Southeast Asia, with a total agricultural land area of 26.28 million ha (79.4% of total land). Agriculture products are the most important economic sector in Vietnam and it produces large amounts of biomass resources such as rice husk, bagasse, coffee husk, wood chips and poultry litter. The national poultry population was 254.6 million, including 185.2 million chickens (72.8%) and 68.9 million water-birds (27.2%). The number of chickens is rising year by year leading to an increase in chicken manure biomass. Thereafter, farmers often use chicken manure for spread onto agricultural land as a means of disposal. However, composted chicken manure is a significant threat to water and air pollution due to the release of methane, ammonia or other organic compounds. Most previous studies have been done with using of chicken manure for biodiesel production (Jung et al., 2017, 2018) and energy recovery (Lee et al., 2017). There are few studies develop the potential of chicken manure as adsorbent for CO2 capture (Nguyen and Lee., 2016) and adsorption of heavy metal (Do and Lee, 2015).
Due to the lack of experimental and theoretical study of converting chicken manure into biochar and apply as low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Therefore, it is challenging to develop an efficient adsorbent with low secondary pollution, non-released by-products, and especially environmental non-toxicity for the removal of organic pollutants such as Ph and DNP. However, to the best of our knowledge, no available study has examined the adsorption of Ph and DNP using CBC from wastewaters.
The novelty of this work included a newly determined the application chicken manure biochar as of adsorbent for removal of toxic Ph and DNP from industrial wastewaters. This study also provided the presentation of detailed adsorbent preparation, adsorption kinetic, adsorption isotherms and recycling of material for further practical applications in large scale. The outcome of this study can bring a new idea for waste management in order to reduce environmental pollution in Vietnam.
Section snippets
Materials
The chemicals used in this study including phenol (C6H5OH), 2,4-dinitrophenol (C6H4N2O5), ethanol (C2H5OH), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA. The chemicals were of reagent grade and were used without further purification. All require solutions were prepared using deionized (DI) water. Phenol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol with basis physical-chemical properties are shown in Table 1.
Preparation of adsorbent
The material in this study was prepared according to
Characteristics of adsorbents
The total surface areas and elementals composition of CBC at different temperature were analyzed and the results were listed in Table 3. It can be observed, the content of carbon increases from 38.9% at 200 °C to 54.3% at 500 °C, then slightly decreases to 46.4% at 600 °C. This is due to the detachment of functional groups, containing oxygen and hydrogen as previous reports (Oh and Seo, 2016; Bardestani et al., 2019; Oh and Seo, 2019). Therefore, the optimum reaction temperature for pyrolysis
Conclusions
This study investigated the potential of biochar derived from chicken manure towards toxic phenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol in wastewaters. The CBC exhibited higher adsorption capacities for Ph and DNP than other previously reported materials. CBC also showed an excellent removal efficiency of Ph and DNP from real wastewaters along with high stability up to five cycles. The results collectively indicate that CBC could be used as a promising low-cost, recyclable adsorbent for treatment of organic
Conflict of interests
The authors do not have any conflict of interests to declare.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Duy Tan University.
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