Using adult stem cells to monitor endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus☆
Section snippets
Introduction and background
Diabetes affects approximately 10.5% of adults in the United States and this is projected to nearly double by 2025.1 It is the seventh leading cause of death in the US.1 Both type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity are associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, endothelial cell inflammation, cardiovascular pro-thrombotic states and are the most common causes of endothelial dysfunction, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD).2., 3., 4.
Oral diabetes medication
Diabetes medications that reduce CVD risk
The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, and Diabetes Control and Complications Trial have shown that aggressive glucose control, especially early in the natural history of the disease, might result in a significant reduction of microvascular as well as macro vascular complications.28,29 The pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes is complex and multifactorial30; however, endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).28 The endothelium forms the inner layer
Why stem cells
Stem cells are nonspecialized cells which can differentiate into specialized organ or tissue specific cells. Predominantly, stem cells are divided into embryonic and somatic or adult stem cells (ASCs). The role of stem cells on embryonic development has remained as the main focus in regenerative medicine for long time compared to ASCs. ASCs can be found in different tissue including bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, brain and many other tissues by
Effect of novel diabetes medications on endothelial progenitor cells
As mentioned above, EPCs can act as a cellular biomarker that is more reliable than serum based markers for estimating and following endothelial dysfunction in early T2DM patients. Thus, investigating EPCs could help develop a cardio-vascular disease (CVD) risk estimation.50,51,24
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, as mentioned before, are a popular class of antidiabetic medications, have been shown to achieve improved glycemic control by lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), without
Abbreviations
- T2DM
type 2 diabetes mellitus
- SGLT2i
sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
- GLP-1
glucagon-like peptide 1
- DPP4i
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
- ECs
endothelial cells
- EPC
endothelial progenitor cells
- MSC
mesenchymal stromal cells
- MNC
mononuclear cells
- CVD
cardio-vascular disease
- CFU
Colony Forming Unit
- SDF-1
stromal cell-derived factor
- VEGF
vascular endothelial growth factor
- CXCR4
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
- SOD1
superoxide dismutase 1
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Cited by (7)
Bioinformatics and machine learning in gastrointestinal microbiome research and clinical application
2020, Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational ScienceCitation Excerpt :Antidiabetic drugs mainly effect the gut microbiome composition, appearing to increase the SCFA-producing bacteria responsible for weight loss and inflammation suppression, decrease the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and increase the overall efficiency of carbohydrate fermentation. However, the variations in gut microbiota composition and their influence in medicinal efficacy is still poorly understood.136–138 By applying modified versions of our pipeline to study the intersection of diabetes and the gut microbiome, there's potential to elucidate and/or rule-out certain connections in the future.
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2022, Frontiers in PharmacologyRole of Canagliflozin on function of CD34+ve endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in patients with type 2 diabetes
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Conflict of interest: Authors do not have any conflict of interest to disclose.