Short communicationThe evaluation of various biological properties for bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles (BiOCl NPs)
Graphical abstract
Introduction
In recent years, public health issues have risen dramatically. Pharma companies and research institutions have pledged to improve both understanding and practical use of newly developed medicines and processes [1]. Nanomaterials are used in a variety of medicinal applications as well as their potential applications brings attention [2]. Nanotechnology is important because it enables for the control on surface energy and subsequent nuclei growth using a variety of synthesis processes [3]. Nanotechnology is a reducing tool for developing efficient materials, structures, systems, and gadgets for a wide range of innovative applications in domains such as healthcare, food, and the environment [4]. Nanomaterials with exceptional characteristics can be created in this way. They are attractive options with unique qualities like as increased surface area, increased reactivity, and magnetic properties, and they can serve as novel platforms for a variety of biomedical applications [5]. Nanomaterials were used in a wide range of medical applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties [6]. These materials have the ability to travel the blood–brain barrier, causing cytotoxicity, Geno toxicity, and apoptosis [7]. As a result, evaluating a nanomaterial's biocompatibility and toxicological consequences is the first step toward the development of biological applications [8]. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is a significant wideband (Eg = 3.65 eV) layered-structure semiconductor that has been widely explored for environmental applications via the biological process [9]. However, these structures have recently demonstrated great potential for medicinal and biological applications. UV-triggered photodynamic therapy has been studied using BiOCl nanostructures [10]. The cytotoxicity of BiOCl nanostructures against a human-derived blood cell line has also been investigated [11]. Early disease detection is critical for efficient treatment and patient survival, especially in high-risk diseases like cancer, fetal disorders, on the other hand, are less sensitive, requiring sophisticated medical sets and expensive equipment [12]. Modifications in metabolic pathways linked to disease can produce biological molecules in blood or tissue fluids that can be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapy [13]. The biosynthesis of NPs has been notable for a number of reasons, including its speed, environmental friendliness, and great biocompatibility [14]. When comparing physical and chemical approaches, biosynthesis of nanoparticles is biocompatible, and the source acquired is free of hazardous contamination caused by by-products linked to nanoparticles during physiochemical synthesis, which limits their biomedical applications [15]. The antibacterial activity of the produced nanoparticles was further tested using the agar 90 well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) [16]. The MIC of BiOCl against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) was assessed by micro dilution method [17]. Human erythrocytes were used to test the direct hemolytic activity of BiOCl NPs (40, 60, 80, and 100 g) [18]. The hemolytic activity was measured by comparing the percentage of cells that lysis in the presence of moisture (positive control) and phosphate buffered saline (negative control) [19]. Methods for preparing human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) were used [20]. The plasma recalcification time was determined was followed by various concentration of biosynthesized BiOCl NPs (0–100 μg) was pre-incubated with 0.2 ml of citrated human plasma in the presence of 10 mM Tris HCl (10 μl) buffer pH 7.5 for 1 min at 37 °C [21]. The rate of chelating agent bismuth nitrate in the presence of temperature and time of the solvothermal reaction were investigated in the synthesis of hierarchical organized bismuth oxychloride [22]. In this study, we have successfully synthesis of BiOCl NPs via chemical co-precipitation technique at ambient room temperature. Formation of BiOCl NPs were characterized by various analytical techniques such as PXRD, UV–DRS, Raman, SEM and TEM. Furthermore, the BiOCl NPs shows significant antibacterial activity and pharmacological studies.
Section snippets
Materials
All the chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, SD-Fine chem and Hi media Pvt. Ltd. with high purity and analytical grade without further purification and the aqueous solutions were prepared by using double distilled water.
Synthesis of BiOCl nanoparticles
BiOCl NPs were synthesized at room temperature using a simple stirring method [23]. In a typical experiment, 1:1 ratio of 0.452 g of Bismuth Nitrate pentahydrate and Succinic acid in a 10 ml of distilled water in a conical flask kept in Magnetic stirrer for 5–10 min to
XRD analysis
PXRD Pattern of BiOCl NPs (Fig. 1) showed the prominent XRD peaks are observed at 2θ values11.84,24.25,25.92,32.66,33.54,35.01,36.77,40.88,46.73,48.50,49.87,53.29,54.26,55.44 and 58.67 which are assigned hklvalues 001, 002, 101, 110, 102, 111, 003, 112, 200, 201, 113, 211, 104, 212, and 213 respectively as per JCPDS card No. 6-249 XRD pattern confirms to tetragonal phase of bismuth oxychloride with unit cell dimensions as a = 3.912 Å, c = 7.539 Å. No peak other than BiOCl is detected in the XRD
Conclusion
BiOCl NPs were effectively synthesized by Co-precipitation methods, Different techniques like XRD, UV-DRS, Raman, SEM and TEM examination were used to analyzed structure and morphology of BiOCl NPs. Further, the application of blood compatible assay, antibacterial and cytotoxicity of biosynthesized BiOCl NPs consists of Nano holes with various pore size was confirmed. As results, biosynthesized BiOCl NPs are biocompatible material for finding the various applications. MIC of BiOCl NPs against
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Visiting Fellow and Advisory Member, Dept. of Chemistry, Reva University, Bangalore.