The evaluation of various biological properties for bismuth oxychloride nanoparticles (BiOCl NPs)

Highlights

• Tetragonal phase of Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanoparticles was successfully prepared via co-precipitation method at room temperature method.

• Characterization of BiOCl NPs were characterized by XRD, UV-DRS, Raman, SEM and TEM techniques.

• BiOCl NPs exhibit critical non-toxic properties on human erythrocytes as well as interference in the activity coagulation cascade on both PRP and PPP in human blood.

• The determining the MIC and MBC of BiOCl NPs demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacterial strains S.aureus and P. aeruginosa.

Abstract

Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanoparticles was successfully prepared via co-precipitation method at room temperature method. The structural, optical and morphological features of BiOCl NPs were characterized by XRD, UV-DRS, Raman, SEM and TEM techniques. The XRD pattern of BiOCl NPs shows tetragonal phase with an average crystalline size was found to be 23 nm. The energy band gap of BiOCl NPs is 3.5 eV with the help of UV-DRS. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the characteristic A_1g and E_g vibrational normal modes of BiOCl NPs. SEM and TEM micrographs of BiOCl NPs reveals the agglomeration of the particles with effect of reducing agent. Furthermore, MIC and MBC of BiOCl NPs demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacterial strains S.aureus and P.aeruginosa. BiOCl NPs exhibit critical non-toxic properties on human erythrocytes as well as interference in the activity coagulation cascade on both PRP and PPP in human blood. As a result, the study reveals that the synthesis of BiOCl nanoparticles is very simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly, and that it has the potential to discover novel properties of biological activities.

Introduction

In recent years, public health issues have risen dramatically. Pharma companies and research institutions have pledged to improve both understanding and practical use of newly developed medicines and processes [1]. Nanomaterials are used in a variety of medicinal applications as well as their potential applications brings attention [2]. Nanotechnology is important because it enables for the control on surface energy and subsequent nuclei growth using a variety of synthesis processes [3]. Nanotechnology is a reducing tool for developing efficient materials, structures, systems, and gadgets for a wide range of innovative applications in domains such as healthcare, food, and the environment [4]. Nanomaterials with exceptional characteristics can be created in this way. They are attractive options with unique qualities like as increased surface area, increased reactivity, and magnetic properties, and they can serve as novel platforms for a variety of biomedical applications [5]. Nanomaterials were used in a wide range of medical applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties [6]. These materials have the ability to travel the blood–brain barrier, causing cytotoxicity, Geno toxicity, and apoptosis [7]. As a result, evaluating a nanomaterial's biocompatibility and toxicological consequences is the first step toward the development of biological applications [8]. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is a significant wideband (Eg = 3.65 eV) layered-structure semiconductor that has been widely explored for environmental applications via the biological process [9]. However, these structures have recently demonstrated great potential for medicinal and biological applications. UV-triggered photodynamic therapy has been studied using BiOCl nanostructures [10]. The cytotoxicity of BiOCl nanostructures against a human-derived blood cell line has also been investigated [11]. Early disease detection is critical for efficient treatment and patient survival, especially in high-risk diseases like cancer, fetal disorders, on the other hand, are less sensitive, requiring sophisticated medical sets and expensive equipment [12]. Modifications in metabolic pathways linked to disease can produce biological molecules in blood or tissue fluids that can be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapy [13]. The biosynthesis of NPs has been notable for a number of reasons, including its speed, environmental friendliness, and great biocompatibility [14]. When comparing physical and chemical approaches, biosynthesis of nanoparticles is biocompatible, and the source acquired is free of hazardous contamination caused by by-products linked to nanoparticles during physiochemical synthesis, which limits their biomedical applications [15]. The antibacterial activity of the produced nanoparticles was further tested using the agar 90 well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) [16]. The MIC of BiOCl against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) was assessed by micro dilution method [17]. Human erythrocytes were used to test the direct hemolytic activity of BiOCl NPs (40, 60, 80, and 100 g) [18]. The hemolytic activity was measured by comparing the percentage of cells that lysis in the presence of moisture (positive control) and phosphate buffered saline (negative control) [19]. Methods for preparing human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) were used [20]. The plasma recalcification time was determined was followed by various concentration of biosynthesized BiOCl NPs (0–100 μg) was pre-incubated with 0.2 ml of citrated human plasma in the presence of 10 mM Tris HCl (10 μl) buffer pH 7.5 for 1 min at 37 °C [21]. The rate of chelating agent bismuth nitrate in the presence of temperature and time of the solvothermal reaction were investigated in the synthesis of hierarchical organized bismuth oxychloride [22]. In this study, we have successfully synthesis of BiOCl NPs via chemical co-precipitation technique at ambient room temperature. Formation of BiOCl NPs were characterized by various analytical techniques such as PXRD, UV–DRS, Raman, SEM and TEM. Furthermore, the BiOCl NPs shows significant antibacterial activity and pharmacological studies.