Toxigenic potential of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto isolates from wheat in Argentina
Introduction
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein) Petch] is a fungal pathogen of various crops and is the main casual agent of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) on wheat worldwide. It has also emerged as one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide (Mc Mullen et al., 1997), resulting in huge losses to the grain industry. Besides reducing yields, the fungus can cause contamination of grains with mycotoxins such as Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Zearalenone (Mc Mullen et al., 1997). DNA sequence single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been used as the sole basis to divide F. graminearum into eleven phylogenetically distinct species (O'Donnell et al., 2000, O'Donnell et al., 2004, Starkey et al., 2007). In Argentina, investigations on the structure of the F. graminearum species complex have led to the identification of only one predominant species, F. graminearum sensu stricto (Alvarez et al., 2006, Ramírez et al., 2007).
Three chemotypes, which are strain specific profiles of thrichotecene metabolites, have been previously described in F. graminearum: Nivalenol chemotype (NIV), when a C-4 oxygenated derivative of DON is produced; 15-ADON chemotype when DON and their acetyl ester derivative at 15-position oxygen (15-ADON) are produced and 3-ADON chemotype when DON and their acetyl ester derivative at 3-position oxygen (3-ADON) are produced (Desjardins, 2006). The 15-ADON chemotype is predominant in North America, while the 3-ADON chemotype is predominant in some areas of Asia, including China, Australia and New Zealand (Mirocha et al., 1989). Recent molecular surveillance has shown that the 3-ADON chemotype is replacing 15-ADON from eastern to western Canada (Ward et al., 2008), where isolates belonging to the 3-ADON chemotype accumulate more trichothecenes than those belonging to the 15-ADON chemotype. This situation causes increasing concern to the cereal industry.
Until now, the ability of Argentinean isolates to produce trichothecenes is controversial and the pattern of mycotoxin production has not been well defined yet. Ramírez et al (2006) tested 70 strains of F. graminearum and found that 90% were DON producers and only 10% were able to produce DON and very low amounts of 3-ADON. Fernández Pinto et al. (2008) revealed that 75% out of 33 isolates produced DON, 39% produced both DON and NIV, 15% produced DON and 3 ADON, 18% produced DON and 15 ADON, and 21% produced DON and both acetylderivatives simultaneously.
The objective of this study was to identify the pattern of thrichotecene production of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto isolates from wheat obtained in different subregions of the main wheat production area in Argentina, and to determine whether there are significant differences between geographical areas and cropping seasons.
Section snippets
Wheat samples and isolation
The Argentinean wheat cultivated area, which covers about 6,000,000 ha, is divided into five sub-regions (I to V) according to agrometeorological conditions, with sub-regions II and V further divided into North (N) and South (S), since they present very different climatic conditions. The main production area is located on the Buenos Aires province (Zones IIS, IV and VS), East of La Pampa province (Zone VS) and South of Santa Fe province (Zone IIN). The temperature and humidity decrease along
Results
A total of 144 isolates of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto from three subregions of the main wheat cultivated area in Argentina (58 isolates (40%) from subregion IIS, 65 (45%) from subregion IV and 21 (15%) from subregion VS) were analyzed (Table 1). A total of 21 out of the 144 isolates were obtained in 2001, 25 in 2003 and 98 in 2004 (Table 1).
The mycotoxin production of the isolates was examined by GC-ECD analysis. According to the profile's production of DON and their acetylated
Discussion
In the present study, the production of DON, 3- and 15-ADON of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto strains isolated from wheat collected from 33 different locations distributed in the main wheat production area of Argentina was determined chemically, during both epidemic (2001) and non-epidemic (2003–2004) cropping seasons. This is the first study of chemotype distribution undertaken in Argentina with a large population molecularly identified as F. graminerum sensu stricto. Analysis of the
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Daniel Cabral for his cooperation, allowing this research to be carried out at his premises and using his facilities.
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