Methane emissions as affected by crop rotation and rice cultivar in the Lower Mississippi River Valley, USA

doi:10.1016/j.geodrs.2017.08.004

Geoderma Regional

Volume 11, December 2017, Pages 8-17

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2017.08.004 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Yield-scaled, season-long CH₄ emissions were greater following rice than soybean.
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Season-long CH₄ emissions were greater from two pure-line cultivars than from a hybrid.
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The presence of the floodwater in rice production may minimize year-to-year variability.
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Future climate change predictions may be facilitated by minimal year-to-year variability.

Abstract

The objective of this field study was to evaluate the effects of crop rotation (rice-rice and soybean-rice) and rice cultivar selection (one hybrid and two pure-line cultivars) across two consecutive growing seasons (2012 and 2013) on methane (CH₄) fluxes and emissions from rice grown in the drill-seeded, delayed-flood production system on a silt-loam soil. Weekly CH₄ fluxes were measured from flooding to harvest from 30-cm-diameter, enclosed-headspace chambers at the Rice Research and Extension Center near Stuttgart, Arkansas. Averaged over years, area-scaled season-long CH₄ emissions were greater (P < 0.05) from two pure-line cultivars following rice (192.5 and 167.5 kg CH₄-C ha^− 1 from Taggart and Cheniere, respectively), which did not differ, than from the hybrid CLXL745 following soybean (72.2 kg CH₄-C ha^− 1). Averaged across years and cultivars, yield-scaled season-long CH₄ emissions were greater (P < 0.05) following rice than soybean (18.4 and 13.3 kg CH₄-C [Mg grain]^− 1, respectively). Averaged across years and crop rotation, yield-scaled season-long CH₄ emissions were 77% greater (P < 0.05) from the two pure-line cultivars than from the hybrid. Emission did not vary between the two years and thus, season-long CH₄ emissions provide valuable data for future estimates of CH₄ emissions from the drill-seeded, delayed-flood production system on a silt-loam soil among crop rotation-cultivar combinations to refine greenhouse gas emissions estimates and evaluate anticipated climate change.

Introduction

Extensive efforts have been undertaken in the United States (US) to quantify agricultural greenhouse gas emissions from upland cropping systems (Liebig et al., 2012); however, less focus has been placed on US rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Multiple studies were conducted in the 1990s in the rice-producing states of Texas (Sass et al., 1990, Sass et al., 1991a, Sass et al., 1991b, Sass et al., 1992; Sass and Fisher, 1997), California (Cicerone et al., 1992; Fitzgerald et al., 2000), and Louisiana (Lindau et al., 1991; Lindau and Bollich, 1993; Lindau, 1994), but until 2011, no study had been conducted in the drill-seeded, delayed-flood production system, which constitutes 82% of the rice grown in Arkansas, the largest rice producer in the US (Adviento-Borbe et al., 2013; Brye et al., 2013; Rogers et al., 2013, Rogers et al., 2014; Simmonds et al., 2015). Research focused on rice production and the greenhouse gas methane (CH₄) are critical, as estimates of the global warming potential (GWP) from rice are greater than from upland cereal crops (i.e., wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and maize [Zea mays L.]), where CH₄ represents 89% of the GWP from rice compared to < 2% for wheat or maize (Linquist et al., 2012). Differences in GWP between upland and lowland cropping systems are directly related to the anaerobic soil environment that develops in flooded rice production and, thus, the microbially mediated production of CH₄ by methanogens (Watanabe et al., 1999).

As a potent greenhouse gas, sources of CH₄ emissions to the atmosphere are routinely estimated. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has recently revised emissions factors for US rice production. Previously, the USEPA emissions factor for a single rice growing season was 160 kg CH₄-C ha^− 1 (USEPA, 2011); however, recent recalculations now use an estimate of 178 kg CH₄-C ha^− 1 for all primary-crop rice produced in the US, but outside of California (USEPA, 2015). Accounting for additional factors, other than geography, known to influence CH₄ emissions, specifically cultivar selection (Lindau et al., 1995; Butterbach-Bahl et al., 1997; Ma et al., 2010; Rogers et al., 2014; Smartt et al., 2016b), soil texture (Sass et al., 1994; Sass and Fisher, 1997; Brye et al., 2013), and residue/previous crop (Bossio et al., 1999; Sass et al., 1991a, Sass et al., 1991b; Rogers et al., 2014; Smartt et al., 2016b), is needed. In addition, continued recalculation of CH₄ emissions estimates based on the most current data, and potentially determining state-/regional-specific emissions factors, an option mentioned by the USEPA and currently used for CH₄ emissions factors in California, will result in altered, but more accurate, estimates of CH₄ emissions from rice production in the US (Nalley et al., 2014; Rogers et al., 2014; Simmonds et al., 2015).

Cultivar selection is specific within regions, as development is specific to the growing environment and management practices associated with the area. Selection is primarily based on agronomic performance in terms of yield, quality, and disease susceptibility. As rice cultivar selection is an agronomic option that has been shown to affect CH₄ emissions, future policy or consumer demands may influence selection based on the carbon balances in the rice production system. Commercially available hybrid rice was introduced in 2000 by RiceTec, Inc. (Alvin, TX) and has rapidly been adopted in Arkansas and other mid-southern US states (Walker et al., 2008; Norman et al., 2013). Estimates of hybrid rice production in the mid-southern US ranges from 24 to 51% of the planted-rice area (Salassi et al., 2012; Norman et al., 2013). Hybrid rice has accounted for 47% of total planted-rice area in Arkansas (Hardke and Wilson, 2013). Hybrid cultivars have been cited as potentially producing lower CH₄ emissions than pure-line cultivars due to increased rates of CH₄ oxidation during the latter portion of the growing season (Ma et al., 2010). However, based on recent direct documentation of lower emissions from hybrid than pure-line rice cultivars grown in silt-loam (Rogers et al., 2014; Simmonds et al., 2015) and clay (Smartt et al., 2016b) soils, it is likely that the USEPA emissions factor is still an over-estimate of season-long emissions in the mid-southern US due to increased planted-area of hybrid rice cultivars.

Similar to cultivar selection as an agronomic option, rice production in Arkansas typically occurs as a rice-rice monoculture (20–40%) or, more frequently, in rotation with soybean [Glycine max L.] (> 70%), together representing > 90% of the production area (Hardke and Wilson, 2013). Consequently, differences in the amount and quality of carbon substrate available for reduction to CH₄ often exist throughout a rice growing season. Based on direct visual observations, rice will typically produce substantially more residue that is more recalcitrant than soybean residue due to large silica concentrations, thus less C substrate is returned to the soil following a soybean than following a rice crop. Based on one growing season of measurements, Rogers et al. (2014) reported lower CH₄ emissions when rice was grown following soybean (127 kg CH₄-C ha^− 1) than rice following rice (184 kg CH₄-C ha^− 1).

Though factors such as cultivar and crop rotation/previous crop have been shown to affect CH₄ release from rice production for some time (USEPA, 2011), only recently have field studies been conducted directly evaluating how cultivar, crop rotation, and their combination affect CH₄ fluxes and emissions from rice production in the Lower Mississippi River Delta region of eastern Arkansas. However, few studies have been conducted in the US in the last 10 years formally examining CH₄ fluxes and emissions for two or more consecutive growing seasons. To our knowledge, such a dataset would represent the first of its kind to facilitate the evaluation of CH₄ fluxes and growing-season emissions due to crop rotation and hybrid and pure-line cultivars across multiple years from a silt-loam soil in Arkansas, the leading rice-producing state in the US. Most of the previous CH₄ emissions studies conducted in Arkansas have reported results from a single rather than multiple consecutive growing seasons (Rogers et al., 2013, Rogers et al., 2014; Brye et al., 2013; Smartt et al., 2016a,b). Furthermore, Linquist et al. (2012) conducted a meta-analysis to compare GWP across major cereal crops, where, of the 17 published rice studies included in the meta-analysis, only seven studies reported results for two or more consecutive years, none of which were US studies. Therefore, the objective of this field study was to evaluate the effects of crop rotation (rice-rice and soybean-rice) and rice cultivar selection (one hybrid and two pure-line cultivars) across two consecutive growing seasons (2012 and 2013) on CH₄ fluxes and emissions from rice grown in the drill-seeded, delayed-flood production system on a silt-loam soil in eastern Arkansas. It was hypothesized that crop rotation, more specifically the previous crop, and cultivar would affect CH₄ fluxes and emissions and variation between years would be minimal due to the presence of the flood water for most of the growing season contributing to the attenuation of potential effects of weather variations.

Section snippets

Site description

Research was conducted at the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Rice Research and Extension Center (RREC) near Stuttgart, AR (34° 28′ 19″N, 91° 25′ 7″W; elevation above sea level = 61 m) during the rice growing seasons of 2012 and 2013 on a Dewitt silt loam (fine, smectitic, thermic, Typic Albaqualfs; NRCS, 2016). Prior to 2012, the study area had been consistently cropped to a rice-soybean rotation for at least 15 years. The climate throughout the region is warm and wet with a

Initial soil properties

Most pre-flood soil properties measured in the top 10 cm were affected (P < 0.05) by year, crop rotation, and pre-assigned cultivar (Table 1). Averaged across years and cultivars, soil bulk density was greater (P < 0.05) when the previous crop was soybean (1.26 g cm^− 3) than rice (1.20 g cm^− 3). Similarly, averaged across years and cultivars, extractable soil Zn was greater (P < 0.05) when previous crop was soybean (2.4 mg kg^− 1) than rice (1.6 mg kg^− 1). In contrast to soil bulk density and Zn, averaged across

Conclusions

Crop rotation, with the previous crop being either rice or soybean, and cultivar selection, pure-line or hybrid, affected CH₄ fluxes during the growing season and season-long CH₄ emissions from the drill-seeded, delayed-flood production system on a silt-loam soil over two consecutive growing seasons. Consequently, now that actual field data have been generated and reported, these agronomic effects on CH₄ emissions from rice production should be accounted for when revising estimates of

Acknowledgements

This research project was supported by a grant from the Arkansas Rice Research and Promotion Board. Laboratory and field assistance provided by Taylor Adams, Donna Frizzell, Anthony Fulford, Chester Greub, Doug Wolf, Chuck Pipkins, Donna Frizzell, and Eddie Castaneda is gratefully acknowledged.

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Methane emissions as affected by crop rotation and rice cultivar in the Lower Mississippi River Valley, USA

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Site description

Initial soil properties

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Soil Biol Biochem

Geoderma Reg.

Soil Biol. Biochem.

Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

Optimal fertilizer N rates and yield-scaled global warming potential in drill seeded rice

J. Environ. Qual.

Soil texture effects on methane emissions from direct-seeded, delayed-flood rice production in Arkansas

Soil Sci.

Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from paddy fields

Plant Cell Environ

Methane emissions from California rice paddies with varied treatments

Global Biogeochem Cycles

Changes in CH4 emission from rice fields from 1960 to 1990s 1. Impacts of modern rice technology

Global Biogeochem Cycles

Fallow season straw and water management effects on methane emissions in California rice

Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles

Particle size analysis

Trends in Arkansas rice production

Arkansas rice performance trials, 2010–2012 [On-line]

Arkansas rice performance trials, 2011–2013 [On-line]

Methane emission from Texas rice paddy soils. 1. Quantitative multi-year dependence of CH4 emission on soil, cultivar, and grain yield

Glob. Chang. Biol.

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