Surface reactivity of Andisols on volcanic ash along the Sunda arc crossing Java Island, Indonesia
Introduction
Surface reactivity of the solid phases in soils is derived from the chemical behaviour of surface functional groups in soil clays (Sposito, 1984). It is widely acknowledged that amorphous and short-range order clay minerals have large specific surface areas and a high chemical reactivity, and therefore represent active constituents. When present in a substantial amount, they have a marked effect on both physical and chemical properties of the soils. This is particularly true for many volcanic ash-derived soils, displaying significant amounts of mineral materials originally termed as “amorphous” (but understood to contain allophane) in the Soil Taxonomy edition of 1975 (Soil Survey Staff, 1975), and still maintained as such in its 1999 edition (Soil Survey Staff, 1999).
Strong exchange of fluoride and/or phosphate has been recognized as an important feature of volcanic ash derived soils Sudo and Shimoda, 1978, Fiantis et al., 2002. The specific adsorption refers to incorporation of anions as ligands in the coordination shell of Fe or Al atoms, which is ranked as a ligand exchange reaction (Parfitt, 1978). This type of reaction differs from the ion exchange reactions through: (1) the anions react with active Al and Fe compounds to form covalent bonds or inner-sphere complexes; (2) sorption reactions of these anions are not completely reversible making the sorbed anions difficult to be desorbed; (3) the adsorption capacity for these anions is greater than the amount of positive charges; and (4) the ligands on the surface of active Al or Fe compounds are released by ligand exchange reactions (Shoji et al., 1993).
The Andisols in Indonesia, as has often been reported, were developed from a rather wide variety of parent ashes, which were related with the Quaternary eruptions (Hutchison, 1989). Tan (1965) reported that the parent materials from which these Andisols were developed, change from basic to acid types when moving from east to west along the volcanic rim of the Indian Ocean. As suggested by Hutchison (1989), a similar evolution was found along the Sunda Island arc (from Java to Flores), in which 80% of the volcanoes in Indonesia are concentrated, or from east to west on Java Island (Whitford, 1975).
Van Ranst et al. (2002) assessed the influence of changes in parent ash material on a number of physico-chemical properties of Andisols along an E–W sequence in Java. They attributed the decrease in soil pH and exchangeable Ca from East to West Java to the combined effect of the parent ash, becoming more acidic from east to west and the more pronounced seasonality in East Java. The more severely leaching environment in West Java favoured the development of active forms of Al and Fe in weathering of volcanic ash. However, this study did not include P-sorption maximum and P-bonding energy measurements needed for recommendations on P-fertilizer requirements.
The main objective of this investigation was to assess the influence of differences in parent ash material on the surface reactivity of selected highland Andisols along the E–W sequence in Java Island. Special emphasis is given to the impact of short-range order constituents and active Al and Fe compounds on fluoride and phosphate sorption (P-sorption).
Section snippets
Selected highland Andisols
Six pedons between 1250 and 1600 m in altitude and located on volcano slopes belonging to the Sunda arc crossing Java from east to west were selected for the present investigation (Fig. 1; Table 1). All the pedons studied were developed on finely comminuted Quaternary volcanic ash, ranging from basic (calc-alkaline basaltic ash) in East Java to more acidic types (basalt-andesitic ash) in Central and (andesitic tuffaceous ash) in West Java. The annual rainfall at the studied sites ranged from
Chemical and mineralogical properties
The soils under study are all classified as Andisols (Table 1) and the data on chemical and mineralogical properties of the topsoil and the subsoil of the six selected pedons are given in Table 2. The ample amount of organic matter coupled with high pH implies that these soils are fertile in nature. It is seen that soil pH generally decreases from East (Cangar) to West (Cisarua) Java, which is attributed to the parent ash which becomes more acidic from east to west. However, the oxalate-soluble
Conclusions
The highland Andisols in Java Island contain variable allophane content, changing in amount in the order: East<Central<West Java. This is presumably due in part to the difference in parent ash materials being calc-alkaline basaltic, basalt-andesitic and andesitic tuffaceous ash, respectively. Consequently, active Al and Fe increase with concomitant upscaling of fluoride reactivity, P-sorption maximum and P-bonding energy from East to West Java. The data on the P-sorption maximum and P-bonding
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