Fracture mechanical analysis of a tungsten monoblock-type plasma-facing component without macroscopic interlayer for high-heat-flux divertor target
Introduction
Divertor is one of the major in-vessel components in a fusion power reactor. Being responsible for power exhaust and plasma particle removal, divertor shall be subjected to significant thermal loads by surface heat flux as well as volumetric nuclear heating. Particularly, the plasma-facing components (PFCs) of the vertical targets will be exposed to severe high heat flux (HHF) loads reaching about 20 MW/m2 or higher locally at the strike point in the next generation fusion reactors such as ITER and DEMO [1], [2].
For both ITER and DEMO, the divertor PFCs will be fully armoured with tungsten (W) [1], [2]. The standard design of a ITER divertor target PFC is based on a joint structure consisting of W monoblocks as armour, copper alloy (CuCrZr) tube as water-cooled heat sink and a rather thick (typically 1 mm) copper (Cu) interlayer between the armour and the tube (see Fig. 1) [1]. Such an ‘ITER-like’ PFC design concept was also adopted for the European DEMO divertor target as a baseline design model while several other novel design variants are being developed in parallel in the framework of the EUROfusion Work Package “Divertor” [2], [3].
One of those novel PFC design concepts is the W monoblock design with a very thin interlayer (roughly 20 μm thick) at the bond interface as illustrated in Fig. 2. The characteristic feature of this design concept proposed by a group at French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) is that there is no macroscopic constituent between the armour and tube, which is in contrast to the ITER divertor PFC where a thick Cu interlayer is integrated. The thin interlayer serves actually as metallurgical bonding agent at the bond interface, but no more as structural entity. In order to improve adhesion and reduce thermal strain mismatch, the interlayer was compositionally graded on microscopic scale starting from full W layer on the armour side and ending up in full Cu on the tube side. Recently, Richou et al. demonstrated that real PFC mock-ups of this design concept could be successfully manufactured by means of Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) coating of graded W/Cu interlayer and Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) joining process [3]. The mock-ups exhibited a sound joining quality and quite robust HHF fatigue performance at least up to 300 load cycles at 20 MW/m2 (screening test up to 25 MW/m2 without visible damage) [4]. Actually, this fairly positive HHF test result is quite remarkable and even surprising when considering the fact that it has been a widely accepted practice in the PFC engineering to employ a thick Cu interlayer in order to mitigate thermal stresses with the help of the softness and ductility of annealed Cu. Now, the recent HHF test result indicates that to incorporate a thick Cu interlayer may not necessarily be an indispensable requirement for achieving reliable HHF performance.
Moreover, there are two material issues supporting the idea to omit thick Cu interlayer as in the present design concept:
- 1)
Under cyclic HHF loads (15–20 MW/m2), a thick Cu interlayer tends to undergo pronounced plastic fatigue leading to a premature low cycle fatigue failure of a PFC [5]. This failure feature was also experimentally observed where ductile strain damage was revealed in form of growth and coalescence of voids [6]. With increasing dpa dose, plastic fatigue behaviour of Cu will be affected by the equilibrium between irradiation hardening and thermal recovery.
- 2)
A previous neutron irradiation test indicated that the uniform elongation of irradiated pure Cu diminished drastically even at elevated temperatures (350–400 °C) due to helium embrittlement resulting from transmutation [7]. The originally expected effect of stress relaxation via ductile yield of soft Cu will gradually disappear.
These two empirical findings put the effectiveness of the thick Cu interlayer into question. As mentioned above, the promising HHF test result of the PFC mock-ups having no thick Cu layer puts the indispensability of the thick Cu interlayer into question. From this background arose the motivation to interpret the HHF performance and to understand the structure mechanical benefits of the underlying design concept to omit a thick Cu interlayer. In this paper, a rigorous numerical study is reported on the structural effect caused by the absence of a thick Cu interlayer in terms of armour cracking and plastic fatigue of tube. To this end, fracture mechanical and cyclic-plastic simulations based on finite element method (FEM) were carried out.
Section snippets
FEM model, materials & boundary conditions
In this work, the FEM model (see Fig. 1) was built according to the novel divertor target with a very thin graded interlayer proposed by a group at CEA. The ITER-like baseline design with an interlayer of 1 mm in the EUROfusion Work Package “Divertor” was set as a reference case for comparison. The single W monoblock has a dimension of 23 × 22 × 4 mm3, and the monoblock in ITER-like baseline design has a dimension of 25 × 23 × 4 mm3 [8]. The cooling tube has a thickness of 1 mm (baseline design: 1.5 mm) and
Temperature distribution
Fig. 4 shows the temperature distribution of the divertor target mockup without interlayer. The maximum temperature of W monoblock at 10 MW/m2 (805 °C) is well below the recrystallization temperature of W. At 20 MW/m2 the maximum temperature at the edge of the W monoblock is 1610 °C, while at the mid line of the top surface along the axial direction the maximum temperature is 1391 °C. The temperature at the top surface of W armor is more than 100 °C (50 °C at 10 MW/m2) lower than that (1723 °C at the
Summary and conclusions
The thick Cu interlayer which has been used as stress-relaxing soft buffer between the stiff armor block and tube in an ITER-type W monoblock PFC is predicted to undergo severe plastic fatigue damage under cyclic HHF loads. Furthermore, the pure Cu interlayer is anticipated to be heavily embrittled under neutron irradiation due to transmuted helium. Thus, the presence (or absence) of the thick Cu interlayer is expected to bring forth trade-off effects on the structural integrity of a W
Acknowledgments
This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training program 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.
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2020, Fusion Engineering and DesignCitation Excerpt :Engineering application studies were also conducted on tungsten mono-blocks to evaluate weakness against cracking [9], to predict crack growth in use of stress intensity factors [10], to estimate possibilities of crack initiation and propagation via elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analyses [11] under high heat flux loading. Recently, a few expanded analyses were carried out beyond normal transient conditions like the heat sink tube of mono-block in a high confinement mode operation [12] as well as dealing with the structure-mechanical effect of Cu interlayer under cyclic high heat flux loading [13] and relatively huge geometry like the outer vertical target(OVT) with a postulated flaw under low heat flux loading [14]. However, attention is needed to reflect these valuable results in ongoing designs such as DEMO [15,16] because the previous data are limited and their details are somewhat different.
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