Original ContributionOrigin of the phagocytic respiratory burst and its role in gut epithelial phagocytosis in a basal chordate
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Animal experimentation ethics statement
The experimental use of amphioxus (B. belcheri tsingtauense) in this research had been approved and supervised by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee (ACEC) of the School of Life Sciences (SOLS) at Sun Yat-Sen University since 2010 (track: SYSU-SOLS-ACEC2010B0022). SOLS ACEC ensures that animal experiments abide by local laws and the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals, as issued by the Council for the International Organizations of Medical Sciences.
Animal, bacterial strains, and cells
Comparative analysis of the NOX gene systems
Using NCBI-BLAST and human sequences as seeds, we performed an exhaustive search for NOX-related proteins in the amphioxus genome and other genomes (Drosophila, sea urchin, zebrafish, mouse, and human). Amphioxus has two DUOX proteins that form a co-ortholog pair to vertebrate DUOXs 1 and 2 and a single NOX2 that corresponds to vertebrate NOXs 1, 2, and 3 (Figs. 1B and C and Supplementary Fig. S1). Vertebrate NOXs 1, 2, and 3 are close paralogs, which were possibly created by two rounds of
Discussion
Here we demonstrate that a full-fledged PRB pathway is presented in amphioxus and is required by the gut epithelial immunity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a functional PRB machinery in nonvertebrates. Our data have shown that oral bacterial infection leads to induction of oxidative stress and an increased level of ROS in amphioxus digestive tract epithelial cells, whereas the reduction of ROS by antioxidant NAC significantly decreases the survival rates of infected amphioxus.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Project 2013CB835305 (973), 31171193 (NNSF), 2011CB946101 (973) and 2008AA092601 (863); and projects from the Commission of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Guangzhou City, and from Sun Yat-sen University Science Foundation. Data analysis was also supported by the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Computational Science and the Guangdong Province Computational Science Innovative Research Team.
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2021, Developmental and Comparative ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :The NOX enzymes and cytosolic factors were found to exist in the epithelial cells of the gill, intestine and hepatic caecum of amphioxus. The intestine epithelial lining cells were capable of bacterial phagocytosis and its activity could be upregulated after exposure to microbial pathogens (Yang et al., 2014). He et al. (2018) used an improved method of tissue fixation for transmission electron microscopy and verified that amphioxus epithelial cells, especially those in the hepatic caecum, could directly phagocytize food particles.
The family of amphioxus chitin synthases offers insight into the evolution of chitin formation in chordates
2020, Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionCitation Excerpt :This is proof that each tissue usually has more than one expressed CS genes, suggesting overlapping roles of these genes. In amphioxus, gill, intestine and hepatic cecum are considered as the frontiers of host defense and parts of the digestive tract (Huang et al., 2014a, 2011; Yang et al., 2014). All tested CS genes were expressed in at least one of these organs, and the expression levels could be quite high sometimes.
Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into antibacterial mechanisms of Branchiostoma belcheri under Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection
2018, Fish and Shellfish ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :Yang et al. reported that TRAF3 was a crucial factor in the antibacterial immunity of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus), regulating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [57]. This involves the phagocytic respiratory burst (PRB), an efficient process for ROS production, and Yang et al. also demonstrated that ROS are essential for effective antibacterial responses in amphioxus [58]. The expression change in TRAF3 after V. parahaemolyticus challenge in the current analysis indicates that this gene participates in the antibacterial response of amphioxus by regulating ROS production caused by bacterial pathogens.
Pectolinarigenin from the leaves of Clerodendrum volubile shows potent immunomodulatory activity by inhibiting T − cell proliferation and modulating respiratory oxidative burst in phagocytes
2017, Biomedicine and PharmacotherapyCitation Excerpt :The isolation of pectolinarigenin from C. volubile leaf may therefore confirm and/or contribute to its reported use in the treatment and management of various ailments in folkloric medicine. Phagocytic respiratory oxidative burst has been demonstrated to play a major role in innate immunity and inflammatory process [25,26]. Phagocytes respond to soluble stimuli by oxidative burst.
Anti-diabetic effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Clerodendrum volubile: protocatechuic acid suppresses phagocytic oxidative burst and modulates inflammatory cytokines
2017, Biomedicine and PharmacotherapyCitation Excerpt :The reduced levels of these enzymes after treatment with EtOAc fraction indicates a hepato − protective potential of the fraction. Phagocytic respiratory oxidative burst has been demonstrated to play a major role in innate immunity and inflammatory process which are important in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications [44]. It involves dehydrogenation of glucose via the hexose monophosphate shunt which then causes a concomitant non − mitochondrial increased oxygen consumption, leading to ROS generation [45,46].
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These authors contributed equally to this work.