Identification of secondary metabolites in Averrhoa carambola L. bark by high-resolution mass spectrometry and evaluation for α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, elastase, and antioxidant potential
Introduction
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is extensively used technique for metabolite measurements (Gowda & Djukovic, 2014). Paper spray ionization (PSI) is a convenient and direct ionization method that can be used for the analysis of lower molecular weight substances in a complex mixture (Kim et al., 2018, Zhang et al., 2014). Paper spray ionization (PSI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) follow the same ionization principle (Lin, Liao, Chen, & Kuo, 2014). Moreover, small amounts of samples are consumed in PSI compared to typical ESI, which provides a critical advantage to PSI when the amount of sample is limited (Kim, Lee, Kim, & Kim, 2018).
Medicinal plants and various foods contain numerous potential bioactive compounds that provide an essential health benefit. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that demonstrates the potential of bioactive compounds to combat various disease conditions such as inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity with hypertension, diabetes, aging, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, and to also regulate various gene expressions (Ortega & Campos, 2019).
Averrhoa carambola L. is locally known in Bangladesh as “Kamranga” and belongs to the Oxalidaceae family. It is also commonly known as star fruit and it is widely grown in Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. It is generally also used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of several ailments while the pharmacological activities of various parts of the plant, such as fruits, leaves, and stems, have been reported. It was shown that the plant possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-ulcer biological activities (Das Gupta, Chakraborty, & Bala, 2013). Also, its various phytochemical constituents, like saponins, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, and carbohydrates, highlight the high medicinal value of this plant (Gheewala et al., 2012, Saikia et al., 2015). However, the bioactive compounds of A. carambola bark and their biological activities have not yet been extensively explored. Hence, identification and characterization of the bioactive secondary metabolites from A. carambola bark is of interest in order to validate pharmacological activity. In this study, both positive (+) and negative (-) PSI mass spectrometry and paper spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PSI-MS/MS) are used for the identification and characterization of the bioactive compounds of A. carambola bark. Furthermore, various in vitro assays are performed to evaluate its antioxidant as well as α-glucosidase, elastase, and tyrosinase inhibition activities. We also performed oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to determine whether ABE has the potential to improve glucose homeostasis in mice with streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that comprehensively characterizes the bioactive phytochemicals of A. carambola bark.
Section snippets
Chemicals
HPLC grade ethanol, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2́-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), neocaprione, 2, 4, 6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), α-glucosidase, p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG), N-succinyl-(Ala)-3-p-nitroanilide, elastase, arbutin and l-tyrosine, gallic acid, epicatechin, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, t-cinnaminc acid, gingerol, caprylic acid, and capric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Norathyriol,
Comparison of PSI and ESI mass spectra
Nowadays mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most sophisticated and convenient analytical techniques that is extensively used for the detection, identification and quantification of a wide range of compounds. Ionization techniques, or sources, are important considerations for determining the types of samples that can be analyzed with mass spectrometry as different ionization methods are better suited to certain classes of compounds in complex mixtures. Electrospray ionization (ESI) is
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) can be an efficient tool for the identification of small molecules. It was shown that the identified secondary metabolites of Averrhoa carambola L. bark could be of great interest in pharmaceutical drug development. Moreover, in vitro DPPH●, ABTS●+ scavenging, α-glucosidase, elastase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition assays suggest the significant potential of ABE for medicinal value. In addition, in an in vivo
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Syful Islam: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Md Badrul Alam: Conceptualization, Resources, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Arif Ahmed: Conceptualization, Visualization. Seulgidaun Lee: Formal analysis, Investigation. Sang-Han Lee: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Sunghwan Kim: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing - review &
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the support for this work from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Korea Government (MSIP) grant no. 2017R1A2B3003455, and by the Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) National Research Facilities & Equipment Center (NFEC) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Education) (2019R1A6C1010001 and 2019R1A6C1030012).
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