Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil obtained from Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin: Effect of collection time
Highlights
► Essential oil from OGR1 contains high levels of acyclic sulfur-containing compounds. ► Essential oil from OGR1 shows the highest antioxidant and the lowest antimicrobial activities. ► Essential oil from OGR3 was contains high levels of bicyclic monoterpenes. ► Essential oil from OGR3 shows the lowest antioxidant and the highest antimicrobial activities.
Introduction
Essential oil (volatile oils) are aromatic oily liquids obtained from plant materials such flowers, herbs, buds, fruits, twigs, bark, seeds, wood, roots, resin, gum and latex. Essential oil components are chemically derived from terpenes and their oxygenated derivatives, which are aromatic and aliphatic acid, esters and phenolic comounds (Bakkali, Averbeck, Averbeck, & Idaomar, 2008). The percentage of the components of the essential oils varies among species and plants parts which indicated that depending on the species, climate, and altitude, time of collection and growth stage the composition of essential oils might be differed qualitavely and quantitavely (Bakkali et al., 2008, Solorzano-Santos and Miranda-Novales, 2012). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from commonly consumed herbs, such as Citrus aurantium, C. limon, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha piperita, M. spica, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis and Zataria multiflora and their main components have been evaluated in many countries (Solorzano-Santos & Miranda-Novales, 2012).
Ferula assa-foetida is a medicinal plant in the Apiaceae family. The plant is an herbaceous perennial with an unpleasant odour and is often considered to be the main source of oleo-gum-resin (OGR, a milky exudates from certain plants that coagulates on exposure to air) which has a characteristic sulfurous odour and bitter taste (Lee et al., 2009, Mahendra and Bisht, 2012). In traditional medicione the plant is used for the treatment of different diseases, such as asthma, epilepsy, stomachache, flatulence, intestinal parasites, weak digestion and influenza (Al-Jafari et al., 2012, Ross, 2005, Zellagui et al., 2012). The main constituent of OGR is essential oil which contains ferulic acid, sesquiterpene, sulfur-containing compounds, monoterpenes and other volatile terpenoids (Iranshahy and Iranshahi, 2011, Nazari and Iranshahi, 2011, Ross, 2005).
Although advances in chemical and pharmacological evaluation of F. assa-foetida have occurred in the recent past however, several useful feature of this plant have been remained unknown. In the present work, the OGRs from F. assa-foetida were collectioned in three times with 15 days intervals. Chemical compositions of the essential oils from OGRs were identified by Gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) scavenging activities of the essential oils obtained from different collections were examined using 2, 2′-azino-di (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), sodium nitrite, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) scavenging effects, respectively. The essential oils from three collections were individually tested against two foodborne Gram-negative bacteria, two foodborne Gram-positive bacteria, and two fungi. In this study, we offered that essential oils obtained from different collections of F. assa-foetida OGRs have different chemical composition, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities and thus different applications in food and health industry.
Section snippets
Chemicals and reagents
Sodium sulphate, gallic acid, quercetin, aluminium chloride, ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, sodium nitrite, ABTS, potassium persulfate, Griess reagent (naphthylethylenediamine, sulphanilamide, phosphoric acid), dimethysulfoxide (DMSO), malondialdehyde, thiobarbituric acid, H2O2 and Luria–Bertani media were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Fluka (Heidelberg, Germany). All other chemicals and reagents used were of the highest purity commercially available.
Plant materials and essential oil preparation from F. assa-foetida
F. assa-foetida from
Plant materials
The OGRs of the plants that collectioned by incision method from the crown of the plant at three times had different colours. The colours of OGR1, OGR2 and OGR3 were brown, red and blond, respectively (Fig. 1). As shown in Table 1, GC–MS analysis of the F. assa-foetida essential oils indicated that the main components for essential oil obtained from OGR1 were; (E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (23.9%), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (15.1%), (Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (8.0%), (Z)-β-ocimene (5.6%),
Conclusions
Accordingly, essential oils obtained from F. assafoetida OGRs in different collections had different chemical composition, antioxidant, ROS, RNS, H2O2 and TBARS scavenging. The essential oil from OGR1 was constituted high levels of acyclic sulfur-containing compounds [(E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide and (Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide] and bicyclic sesquiterpenes [10-epi-γ-eudesmol] and showed the highest radical scavenging and the lowest antibacterial and antifungal activities. Essential
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the financial support from Shiraz University (grant No. 88-GR-AGRST-108). The authors thank their colleagues at the Department of Natural Resources, Fars Research center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Shiraz, Iran for assistance with GC-MS analysis.
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