Composition of the essential oils and in vivo emission of volatiles of four Lamium species from Italy: L. purpureum, L. hybridum, L. bifidum and L. amplexicaule
Introduction
Lamium is a genus belonging to the Lamiaceae family, characterized by annual or perennial herbaceous plants. Some species of this genus are traditionally used as food in some countries, i.e. Lamium amplexicaule is one of the ingredients of the so-called “seven spring herbs”, a rice porridge traditionally consumed in Japan during the New Year holidays. The oil obtained from the seeds of the same species showed strong antioxidant properties, so its use as a food additive has been proposed (Picuric-Jovanovic, Milovanovic, Budincevic, & Vrbaski, 1997). Also, the hydro-alcoholic extract of another species, L. album, showed interesting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties (Trouillas et al., 2003). Finally, in local folk medicine, all the species are employed as useful remedies in menorrhagia and intermenstrual bleeding, in the treatment of scrofula and for the regulation of sebaceous secretions (Mazza, 2000).
L. purpureum L. (purple dead-nettle) is a herbaceous plant, about 20 cm long, with opposite petiolated leaves; the inflorescence is a dense verticillaster of pinkish flowers; the bracts typically show a dark purple stripe. L. hybridum Vill. (cut-leaved dead-nettle) is an ascending branched herb, leafless below the flowers. The bracts are deltoid and obtuse and subtend the crimson flowers. L. bifidum Cyr. is an annual herb with erect stems and white flowers with a deeply bifid lower lip. L. amplexicaule L. (common henbit, giraffe head) has an ascending stem, purplish basally and greenish above; the lowest leaves are petiolate while the upper ones are reduced to sessile bracts. The pale pink to purple flowers are grouped in verticillasters in the apical half of the stem (Pignatti, 1982).
All these species live on waste ground, lawns, pastures and roadsides.
The essential oils obtained from Lamium species are scarcely studied. The most recent papers were published in 1996 and 1993: but the latter analyzed the diethyl ether extract of the leaves of L. maculatum (Abuzeina, Handjieva, Popov, & Evstatieva, 1993) while the former examined the oil of L. garganicum ssp. laevigatum (Roussis, Chinou, Perdetzoglou, & Loukis, 1996). The principal constituents were 1,8-cineole, citronellal and isoeugenol. Another paper studied L. purpureum, but it dated back to 1976 and non-terpenic derivatives, mainly alcohols and phenols, where found to be the main components of its essential oil (Kurihara & Kikuchi, 1976).
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Materials and methods
All the samples were collected in the locality Pergole (Arcidosso Municipality, South Tuscany, Italy) at about 600 m above sea level. Here, Lamium ssp. grow, together with Avena fatua, Agropyron repens and Medicago sativa. L. amplexicaule was found mainly in sunny places, while the other three species preferred shady places.
The flowering aerial parts were collected at the end of March 2003 and were hydrodistilled the next day in a Clevenger-type apparatus for two hours.
The GC analyses were
Results and discussion
One hundred and five compounds were identified, which accounted for 92.5–99.8% of the total composition. The results are reported in Table 1. All the essential oils obtained from the four Lamium species were characterized by their high content of germacrene D. In L. purpureum (35.4%), L. hybridum (39.0%) and L. bifidum (34.9%) it was the main compound, while in L. amplexicaule (28.9%) it was the second constituent; in this species the principal compound was trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (41.1%).
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