Fusariotoxin transfer in animal
Introduction
Fusariotoxins are secondary metabolites from certain species of the Fusarium genus, a soil moisture which probably produces the most important quantity of toxin in temperate north countries (North America, Europe or Asia) (Fig. 1) (Placinta et al., 1999, Quillien, 2002). The most detected fusariotoxins are trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) T-2 and HT-2 toxins, etc.) zearalenone (ZEA), and fumonisins B (FB) (Fig. 1) (Yoshizawa and Jin, 1995, Ryu et al., 1996, Muller et al., 1997, Muller et al., 1998, Kpodo et al., 2000, Muller et al., 2001, Rasmussen et al., 2003, Schollenberger et al., 2005). Presence of other fusariotoxins, as moniliformin (Krysinska-Traczyk et al., 2001) or culmorin (Ghebremeskel and Langseth, 2001), is only rarely reported so they will not be evoked here.
In spite of prevention efforts, crop contamination is often inevitable (Birzele et al., 2000, Edwards, 2004, Schrödter, 2004). Furthermore, fusariotoxins are very resistant molecules and it is today really difficult to decontaminate a crop (Aziz et al., 1997, McKenzie et al., 1997, Yumbe-Guevara et al., 2003). Fusariotoxins are commonly found in cereals and their products, stuffs constituting an important part of human food and animal feed. Highly contaminated crops are frequently directed to animal feed (Miraglia et al., 1996, Bennett and Klich, 2003, Sudakin, 2003). Main animal and human exposure comes from chronic contaminated food ingestion but human exposure can be direct via cereals or indirect via animal products.
Cereal contamination by fusariotoxins, effects on animal health and consequent economic loss have been well described in literature (Eriksen and Pettersson, 2004) and recent studies focus on prevention strategies and control of moisture development at the levels of field and storage (Quillien, 2002). However, fusariotoxin transfer in human or animal organism and the possible presence of toxic residues in animal products (milk, meat, etc.) remain unclear. Furthermore, authors implicate absorption and metabolism rates in differences of sensibility among animals (Hedman et al., 1997). The mechanisms involved in fusariotoxin absorption, biotransformation, excretion, etc. are only partly described but appear necessary to risk assessment. This review focuses on studies which help to understand fusariotoxin future in the organism, for animals but also for humans, and to determine the possible contamination of animal products.
Section snippets
Absorption
Gastrointestinal absorption governs toxin passage to blood and their organism distribution.
Metabolism
Identification of enzymatic systems potentially metabolising fusariotoxins and knowledge of events involved are needed to understand their organism transfer as metabolism especially modify their physicochemical properties. Fusariotoxin metabolism can notably happen in liver but also in digestive tract and more particularly in rumen for ruminants.
Organism distribution
As fusariotoxins are hydrosoluble, they are generally weakly accumulated in animal tissues (Turner et al., 1999).
Conclusion
Risk assessment, based on exposure and danger evaluation, needs to take into account fusariotoxin transfer in the organism, and has to evaluate every contamination sources (Kuiper-Goodman, 1990). Although many fusariotoxins are ubiquitous and toxic, they globally present a potential danger for animal and human health only when they are absorbed in great amounts or during long time exposure. It is then of great interest to develop studies focusing on fusariotoxin absorption, metabolism, or
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