Yield and potassium use efficiency of cotton with wheat straw incorporation and potassium fertilization on soils with various conditions in the wheat–cotton rotation system
Introduction
In China, one-third of cultivated land is used for multiple cropping. The wheat–cotton rotation system is a major component of multiple cropping on the main cotton producing regions namely the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley in China (Zhang et al., 2007), the benefits of which contain low risks of crop failure, high total yield and resource use efficiency, etc. (Zhang and Li, 2003, Zhang et al., 2007, Du et al., 2015).
With the addition of N ad P fertilizer applications, prevention techniques against insect and higher-yielding crop varieties, K deficiencies have become widespread (Jin, 1997, Oosterhuis, 2002, Wang et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2009, Dong et al., 2010). Compared with most other field crops including wheat, cotton is considered to be inefficient at obtaining K from the soil and more sensitive to K deficiencies which occur more frequently and with greater intensity (Mullins and Burmester, 2010).
World reserves and resources of potash are extensive, however, the potash reserves of China are penurious (Roberts and Stewart, 2002). Subsequently, China imports a large quantity of K fertilizers every year, which is costly (Sheldrick et al., 2003). While the output of straw in China is estimated at 6 × 108 t per year (Cao et al., 2008). As an important renewable resource, straw contains abundant C, N, P and K (Singh et al., 2004). Potassium exists as K+ in the cells or tissues in plants and can be extracted by water easily. Potassium cumulative release rates of crop straw were 91.98–96.24% after 90 days past incorporation, while those of C, N and P were 48.29–66.55%, 48.35–67.49% and 54.83–75.46%, respectively, calculated by different cultivation models (Wu et al., 2011). Unfortunately, farmers incline to choose a convenient way to burn straw in order to save time to transplant the next crop. About 23% of crop straw in China has been openly burnt in field (Cao et al., 2008), and only 16.2% of straw is recycled in field (Zeng et al., 2007). Burning the straw reduces the organic matter which could be incorporated and results in a waste of resource and atmospheric pollution (Cao et al., 2008).
Several studies have been conducted to determine the effect of crop straw incorporation on cotton yield (Daniel et al., 1999, Nyakatawa et al., 2000, Jalota et al., 2008). Among six treatments with varied winter cover crops, Daniel et al. (1999) reported that cotton lint yield differed among winter cover crop treatments in 1995, but in 1996 no cover crop treatment effects were observed. In southeastern USA, the treatment with winter rye cover and poultry litter to cotton field under no-till system promoted early seeding emergence, good plant growth, and high lint yield (Nyakatawa et al., 2000). In the cotton-wheat cropping system, tillage + wheat straw was found to significantly increase seed cotton yield than that in minimum tillage treatment by Jalota et al. (2008). Additionally, most of researches on crop residue management were focused on soil organic matter (Soon and Lupwayi, 2012, Dai et al., 2013, Huang et al., 2013a, Huang et al., 2013b, Su et al., 2014), water use efficiency (Zhang et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2013, Zhang et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2011), nitrogen use efficiency (Fan et al., 2005, Xu et al., 2010, Huang et al., 2013a, Huang et al., 2013b, Yuan et al., 2014), tillage technologies (Gürsoy et al., 2010, Xu et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2012), weed control (Döring et al., 2005, Olesen et al., 2007, Bunna et al., 2011, Dai et al., 2013), etc. Recently, Zhao et al. (2014) reported that straw return and K fertilization could increase soil K fertility, K input and crop yield in wheat-maize rotation system in north-central China. However, little is known about the influence of wheat straw incorporation without K fertilization on cotton yield, K uptake and K use efficiency under differing soil conditions.
With the increasing price in chemical K fertilizer, low straw incorporation rate and the sensitivity of K deficiency in cotton, it is necessary to find a way to substitute part or all of inorganic K in order to lessen the relaying on chemical K fertilizer. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of inorganic K fertilizer and wheat straw (organic K) on soil nutrient concentrations, cotton K uptake, yield, and K use efficiency.
Section snippets
Sites descriptions
The field experiments were conducted in Experimental Station of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanjing (32°20′ N and 118°52′ E), and Dafeng Basic Seed Farm in Dafeng (33°24′ N and 120°34′ E), Jiangsu from 2011 to 2013. The two test sites are all located in the down reaches of Yangtze River in China and different in their soil texture and fertility. The soil at Nanjing is clay loam, while the soil at Dafeng is sandy loam. The physicochemical properties of soil samples at 0–20 cm
Climate
Total rainfall during cotton growth stage was significantly higher at Dafeng than at Nanjing in 2011, especially in July which was 278 mm higher at Dafeng than at Nanjing (Fig. 1). Total rainfall and mean monthly temperature during cotton growth stage were higher at Nanjing than at Dafeng in 2012 and 2013. The rainy season sustained from June to August at Nanjing, but concentrated in July at Dafeng, in 2012 and 2013. Irrespective of the experiment sites, daily mean, minimum and maximum
Climate, soil nutrient and yield
Cotton is a warmer-weather crop and sensitive to temperature (Schlenker and Roberts, 2009). The temperature range of 28 ± 3 °C is beneficial to the development of its fruiting branches, flowering and lint production (Burke and Wanjura, 2010). Within the range, higher temperature is advantageous to having higher lint yield (Schlenker and Roberts, 2009). In this study, from July to September, which was the most critical period for lint yield, the mean daily temperature was 1.9 °C higher in 2013 than
Conclusions
- (i)
In this study, site, year, treatment and their interactions significantly influenced lint yield and yield components. Lint yield was influenced mostly by boll number, followed by boll weight and least by lint percentage. Wheat straw incorporation had the same trend as K fertilization for improvement of cotton lint yield.
- (ii)
Soil available K concentration was the key factor affecting cotton lint yield.
- (iii)
Potassium use efficiency of wheat straw-K was higher than that of K fertilizer. Application of
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371583) and Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203096).
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