Effects of exopolysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea on inflammation and intestinal microbiota disturbance induced by antibiotics in mice
Introduction
The intestinal system is a microbial ecosystem containing many microbes that contribute to the development and function of the mucosal immune system (Ouwehand et al., 2002). Gut microbes are closely related to alimentation and body immunity (Zhao et al., 2022), and they can directly affect the state and function of intestinal mucosa, thereby influencing the functions of other organs and the health of the organism. Thus, regulating the gut microbial composition and maintaining the balance of gut microbiota are some of the effective ways to maintain a healthy status. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat diseases, but their long-term use easily disrupts the integrity of the useful gut microbiota (Blaser, 2011) and increases the abundance of drug-fast harmful microbes, that lead to a dramatic increase in the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and other chronic diseases (Gao et al., 2017; Pelaseyed & Hansson, 2020). Even the short-term use of antibiotics may cause the presence of drug-resistant bacteria in the human gut system for years (Jakobsson et al., 2010). Therefore, regulating and maintaining the homeostasis of microbiota disturbed by antibiotics are vital for human health.
Prebiotics can modulate antibiotic-induced gut microbiota disturbance (Ladirat et al., 2014). Beta-glucan in fungi is a potential high-quality prebiotic (Aida et al., 2009). Polysaccharides in fungi can regulate gut microbiota and play a prebiotic role by selectively stimulating the growth of one or more microbes in the intestinal tract, thereby promoting the health of the host (Kothari et al., 2018). Antrodia cinnamomea (syn. Antrodia camphorata) is emerging edible and medicinal fungi, and it belongs to Antrodia, Polyporales, and Basidiomycota (Chen et al., 2022). Over 200 kinds of chemical compounds are extracted from the fruiting bodies or mycelia of A. cinnamomea (Kuang et al., 2021), including triterpene, polysaccharide, and maleic acid, succinic acid, and ubiquinone derivatives. These substances exhibit various bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory (Yang, Wang, et al., 2022), antitumor (Huang et al., 2022), antidiabetic (Kuang et al., 2022), hepatoprotective (Xu et al., 2022), and immunoregulatory (Liao et al., 2022).
A. cinnamomea exopolysaccharides (AEPS) are the main product of A. cinnamomea in submerged fermentation. Current reports on AEPS focus on boosting its yield (Lee et al., 2022) or exploring its bioactivities (Yang, Han, et al., 2022). However, few studies focus on its regulatory effect on the gut microbiota. In the present work, the regulatory effect of AEPS on the gut microbiota and treatment of antibiotic-induced symptoms (diarrhea, inflammation, and weight loss) in mice were primarily investigated to provide a new perspective and a theoretical basis for developing new multifunctional prebiotics.
Section snippets
Strains and animal
A. cinnamomea strain (ATCC 200183) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (USA). All ICR mice (6 weeks old, 20 ± 2 g, male) were provided by the Comparative Medical Center of Yangzhou University (Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China). All animal procedures were in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Ethics Committee of Laboratory Animals, Yangzhou University (SYXK2016-0019).
Extraction and purification of AEPS
The AEPS was extracted and purified according to the method reported by Li et al. (2015).
Composition of AEPS
As shown in Table 1, the content of neutral polysaccharides and protein in AEPS was 88.74% ± 0.53% and 1.21% ± 0.14%, indicating that the purity of AEPS was high enough for in vivo experiments (Bie et al., 2021). In addition, AEPS primarily contains five monosaccharides: glucose (84.73%), galactose (7.84%), mannose (5.27%), galacturonic acid (0.76%), and glucuronic acid (1.4%).
Composition and in vitro resistance digestion of AEPS
The high-performance gel filtration chromatography showed that AEPS primarily consists of three kinds of
Conclusions
AEPS primarily consists of three kinds of polysaccharides, whose molecular weights were 1,013, 233, and 28,743 kDa. It belongs to β-type glucoside, and it has a strong resistance to digestion. In vivo experiment showed that AEPS can alleviate LIH-induced adverse symptoms, such as diarrhea, inflammation, weight loss, and injuries to immune organs in mice. The medium dose (0.25 g/kg bw) gavage of AEPS could regulate the composition and balance of the gut microflora in mice by increasing the
Author statement
Funding acquisition, Huaxiang Li and Yilin Ren; Investigation and Data curation, Chunlei Lu; Methodology and Writing—original draft, Huaxiang Li; Software and visualization, Yilin Ren; Conceptualization and writing—review and editing, Byong H. Lee; supervision and project administration, Zhenquan Yang; Validation, Dan Ji; Resources, Shengqi Rao. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers: 32001661 and 32101964), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant number: BK20190890).
References (47)
- et al.
Mushroom as a potential source of prebiotics: A review
Trends in Food Science & Technology
(2009) - et al.
Mushroom polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and Poria cocos reveal prebiotic functions
Journal of Functional Foods
(2018) - et al.
Anticancer and other therapeutic relevance of mushroom polysaccharides: A holistic appraisal
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
(2018) - et al.
A network pharmacology-based strategy to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Antrodia camphorata and antcin K for treating type II diabetes mellitus
Phytomedicine
(2022) - et al.
Terpenoids from the medicinal mushroom Antrodia camphorata: Chemistry and medicinal potential
Natural Product Reports
(2021) - et al.
A hybrid of response surface methodology and artificial neural network in optimization of culture conditions of mycelia growth of Antrodia cinnamomea
Biomass and Bioenergy
(2022) - et al.
Efficient production of bioactive metabolites from Antrodia camphorata ATCC 200183 by asexual reproduction-based repeated batch fermentation
Bioresource Technology
(2015) - et al.
Investigating cost-optimal refurbishment strategies for the medieval district of Visby in Sweden
Energy and Buildings
(2018) - et al.
NLRP6 Protects Il10(-/-) Mice from colitis by limiting colonization of Akkermansia muciniphila
Cell Reports
(2017) - et al.
Polyphenol-rich vinegar extract regulates intestinal microbiota and immunity and prevents alcohol-induced inflammation in mice
Food Research International
(2021)
A homogeneous polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum: Structural characterizations, anti-obesity effects and impacts on gut microbiota
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Chemical compositions, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of ethanol extract from Zhuke-Hulu tea
Food Bioscience
Lethal inflammasome activation by a multidrug-resistant pathobiont upon antibiotic disruption of the microbiota
Nature Medicine
Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early-stage L-DOPA-naïve Parkinson's disease patients
Genome Medicine
Regulatory effect of non-starch polysaccharides from purple sweet potato on intestinal microbiota of mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Food & Function
Stop the killing of beneficial bacteria
Nature
Next-generation beneficial microbes: The case of Akkermansia muciniphila
Frontiers in Microbiology
Sexual crossing, chromosome-level genome sequences, and comparative genomic analyses for the medicinal mushroom Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Syn. Antrodia Cinnamomea, Antrodia Camphorata)
Microbiology Spectrum
A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility
Cell
Association of gut microbiota with post-operative clinical course in Crohn's disease
BMC Gastroenterology
Determination of the extraction, physicochemical characterization, and digestibility of sulfated polysaccharides in seaweed — Porphyra haitanensis
Marine Drugs
Commensal Akkermansia muciniphila exacerbates gut inflammation in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected gnotobiotic mice
PLoS One
Feed-additive probiotics accelerate yet antibiotics delay intestinal microbiota maturation in broiler chicken
Microbiome
Cited by (5)
The function and application of edible fungal polysaccharides
2024, Advances in Applied MicrobiologyNutritional Support for Liver Diseases
2023, NutrientsExtraction, isolation, identification, and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea
2023, Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods