Review ArticlePotential roles of matricellular proteins in stroke
Introduction
Irrespective of recent advances in stroke treatment, stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disabilities with different risk factors depending on stroke subtypes (O'Donnell et al., 2016). To improve outcomes of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, further basic researches are needed to clarify the mechanisms of progression or regression of brain injury in each stroke subtype, which would lead to future development of new brain protection therapies.
Matricellular proteins are inducible and secretory non-structural proteins belonging to the extracellular matrix proteins (Suzuki et al., 2018a). Due to the unusual diversity of functions, the term “matricellular protein” was introduced in 1995, and the number of matricellular proteins is still increasing (Suzuki et al., 2018a). It is the common features of matricellular proteins that they are readily upregulated in almost any tissue and cell type under pathological conditions, bind to many cell surface receptors, other matrix proteins, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and proteases, and modulate cell–cell or cell–matrix interactions to control cellular morphology and behavior (differentiation, adhesion, migration, and survival or apoptosis) (Suzuki et al., 2018a). Although matricellular protein-deficient mice undergo normal development, matricellular proteins serve as key mediators of various physiological reactions during developmental stages as well as diverse pathological processes depending on the biological scenario surrounding its induction (Suzuki et al., 2018a). This review summarizes the available information of potential roles of matricellular proteins in stroke (Table 1), and discusses the possibility to target a matricellular protein and to develop new therapies against stroke.
Section snippets
Tenascin
Tenascins have 4 members (tenascin-C, -R, -W and -X) in vertebrates (Roll and Faissner, 2019), among which only tenascin-C has been implicated in stroke. Tenascin-C typically forms a hexamer, but alternative splicing of the fibronectin type III repeats, post-translational modifications and proteolytic processing produce lots of tenascin-C isoforms with various functions and sizes, which can be present simultaneously in the specific tissues (Suzuki et al., 2018a). In a developing stage, radial
Perspectives
Alterations in expressions of various matricellular proteins may be critically implicated in the pathophysiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and can cause, suppress or repair brain injuries depending on the surrounding situations and the characteristics of the protein. Recent clinical application of machine learning analysis also demonstrated the importance of some matricellular proteins as a determinant on outcome measures in hemorrhagic stroke (Tanioka et al., 2019). As some of
Funding
This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant number 17K10825).
Declaration of Competing Interest
None.
Acknowledgements
We thank Chiduru Yamamoto-Nakamura (Department of Neurosurgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine) for her assistance with administrative support.
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