Bone marrow stromal cells infused into the cerebrospinal fluid promote functional recovery of the injured rat spinal cord with reduced cavity formation
Introduction
Cell transplantation is at present considered to be the most effective way to repair spinal cord injuries. So far, several different kinds of cells have been used as transplants for spinal cord regeneration, including Schwann cells (Martin et al., 1996), embryonic spinal cord (Iwashita et al., 1994), olfactory ensheathing cells (Doucette, 1995), macrophages Lazarov-Spiegler et al., 1996, Rapalino et al., 1998, choroid plexus ependymal cells Ide et al., 2001, Kitada et al., 2001, and neural stem cells (Ogawa et al., 2002). Among these cells, embryonic neural stem cells have been most enthusiastically studied Kordower et al., 1995, McDonald et al., 1999. However, ethical problems make it impossible to use human fetal tissue as a practical and immediate source for therapeutic treatment Bjorklund and Linvall, 2000, Constantini and Young, 1994, Krause et al., 2001.
Pittenger et al. (1999) reported that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived from the bone marrow differentiated into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. It is also reported that multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) derived from the bone marrow Reyes et al., 2002, Reyes and Verfaillie, 2001, which comprise approximately 0.125% of the total marrow cells (Blanco et al., 2001), are multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate, under specific experimental conditions Hofstetter et al., 2002, Prockop, 1997, Wu et al., 2003, into several different types of cells including osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes (Phinney et al., 1999), skeletal muscle fibers (Ferrari et al., 1998), cardiomyocytes (Orlic et al., 2001), hepatocytes (Petersen et al., 1999), neural cells (Sanchez-Ramos et al., 2000), and epithelial cells of the lung and intestinal tract (Krause et al., 2001). It has recently been reported that bone marrow-derived cells have also the potential to develop into neural lineages, such as neurons and astrocytes, both in vivo Eglitis and Mezey, 1997, Kopen et al., 1999, Mezey et al., 2003 and in vitro Deng et al., 2001, Schwarz et al., 1999, Woodbury et al., 2000. These are noteworthy characteristics of bone marrow-derived non-hematopoietic cells from the practical point of view of cell transplantation, since these bone marrow-derived cells can readily be used as autografts for cell transplantation.
BMSCs, which are adherent cells in the culture of bone marrow aspirates, but are not so homogeneous as MSC or MAPC, have already been used for the treatment of the injured spinal cord Chopp et al., 2000, Hofstetter et al., 2002 and brain Chen et al., 2000, Chen et al., 2002, Lu et al., 2001, Mahmood et al., 2001, Martin et al., 1996, Sanchez-Ramos et al., 2000. Our recent study indicated that transplantation of BMSCs by direct injection into the lesion might promote tissue repair in the injured spinal cord by reducing the size of the cavity at the lesion (Wu et al., 2003). There is no evidence that the engrafted BMSCs differentiate into neural cells. The effects of transplanted BMSCs on tissue repair as described above suggest that some trophic factors might be released from BMSCs to promote the tissue repair Chen et al., 2002, Mahmood et al., 2002, Wang et al., 2002, West et al., 2001, Widenfalk et al., 2001.
In previous studies, we reported a new technique to transplant neural stem cells through CSF by injecting cells into the 4th ventricle in the rat Bai et al., 2003, Wu et al., 2001, Wu et al., 2002a, Wu et al., 2002b. The injected cells were conveyed though the CSF, invaded the injured region, and integrated with the host tissue. Considering the risk of direct local injection of cells into the lesion causing additional damage to the spinal cord, the injection through CSF is regarded as a promising way with minimum damage to the host tissue.
In the present study, we studied the effect of BMSCs transplanted via the CSF on the repair of the injured rat spinal cord. Our previous experiment, in which BMSCs were transplanted directly into a spinal cord lesion, showed that the transplanted BMSCs suppressed cavity formation and promoted some behavioral recovery in the rat (Wu et al., 2003). The present study was carried out to examine whether BMSCs administered through CSF have beneficial effects on the tissue repair of the injured spinal cord and on behavioral recovery of the rat. The distribution of BMSCs on the surface of the spinal cord as well as within the lesion was examined up to 5 weeks after cell injection through the 4th ventricle. The behavioral improvement was estimated by BBB score. Histological examination was focused on the tissue repair of the spinal cord lesion in terms of the reduction in size of cavities. In addition, we showed in vitro that the CSF obtained from the rats to which BMSCs had been injected through the 4th ventricle 2 days previously had effects on adhesion and spreading of neurosphere cells derived from the spinal cord as well as from the hippocampus.
Section snippets
Isolation of BMSCs
Bone marrow was isolated in sterile conditions from 8-week-old male transgenic Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Ito et al., 2001, Okabe et al., 1997, Genome Information Research Center Osaka University, and also from 8-week-old male wild-type Wistar rats. Almost all the tissues of the transgenic rat are green under an excitation light (Mezey et al., 2000). Isolation of BMSCs from bone marrow was performed according to the method described by Azizi et al.
MSCs attachment on the surface and invasion into the lesion of the spinal cord
Four days after injection, GFP-positive cells were found as cell clusters in brown-colored fine strands on the surface of spinal cord in the DAB-stained spinal cord. Such fine strands of cell clusters were mostly found at the cervical and thoracic segments, and at the lesion of the spinal cord. There was a tendency for clusters on the ventral surface to be somewhat larger than those on the dorsal surface. These strands of cell clusters gradually increased in number up to 7 days after injection
Discussion
The present study has demonstrated that injection of BMSCs from the 4th ventricle can improve locomotion with reduced cavity formation in the injured rat spinal cord. The injected BMSCs attached on the surface of spinal cord, and at the same time, some of them invaded into the cord lesion. However, BMSCs on the surface as well as within the lesion disappeared by 3 weeks after injection. It is probable that BMSCs produce into the CSF some substances effective for the repair of the lesion,
Acknowledgements
We thank Professor M. Okabe, Genome Information Research Center, Osaka University, for donating GFP-transgenic rats. This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (13357014, 14207073, and 14657458 for Y.S. and 14657004 and 15300114 for C.I.) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT).
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