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Sub-optimal parenting is associated with schizotypic and anxiety personality traits in adulthood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2012

S.G. Giakoumaki ,
P. Roussos ,
C. Zouraraki ,
E. Spanoudakis ,
M. Mavrikaki ,
E.M. Tsapakis  and
P. Bitsios
S.G. Giakoumaki*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno, Crete, Greece Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
P. Roussos
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York10029, USA
C. Zouraraki
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
E. Spanoudakis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
M. Mavrikaki
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno, Crete, Greece
E.M. Tsapakis
Affiliation:
Section of Neurobiology of Psychosis, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK Aghios Charalambos Mental Health Clinic, Crete, Greece
P. Bitsios
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
*
⁎Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece. Tel.: +30 28310 77541; fax: +30 28310 77579. E-mail address: sgiakoumaki@psy.soc.uoc.gr (S.G. Giakoumaki).
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Abstract

Part of the variation in personality characteristics has been attributed to the child–parent interaction and sub-optimal parenting has been associated with psychiatric morbidity. In the present study, an extensive battery of personality scales (Trait Anxiety Inventory, Behavioural Inhibition/Activation System questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, Temperament and Character Inventory, Schizotypal Traits Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) were administered in 324 adult healthy males to elucidate the effects of parenting on personality configuration. Personality variables were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the factors “Schizotypy”, “Anxiety”, “Behavioural activation”, “Novelty seeking” and “Reward dependence” were extracted. Associations between personality factors with PBI “care” and “overprotection” scores were examined with regression analyses. Subjects were divided into “parental style” groups and personality factors were subjected to categorical analyses. “Schizotypy” and “Anxiety” were significantly predicted by high maternal overprotection and low paternal care. In addition, the Affectionless control group (low care/high overprotection) had higher “Schizotypy” and “Anxiety” compared with the Optimal Parenting group (high care/low overprotection). These results further validate sub-optimal parenting as an important environmental exposure and extend our understanding on the mechanisms by which it increases risk for psychiatric morbidity.

Keywords

Schizophrenia and psychosisSchizotypyAnxietyPersonalityParental Bonding Instrument
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , May 2013 , pp. 254 - 260
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2012

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