Oxidative stress induced by lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) in rat erythrocytes and brain: Attenuation by vitamin C

doi:10.1016/j.etap.2008.04.002

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

Volume 26, Issue 2, September 2008, Pages 225-231

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.04.002 Get rights and content

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the propensity of lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) to induce oxidative stress in blood and brain of male Wistar rats and its possible attenuation by vitamin C. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I served as control rats. group II was treated daily with 200 mg vit C/(kg bw) administered by intraperitoneal way. Rats of group III have received orally 668 ppm LTC. Animals of group IV were treated with LTC and vitamin C. A decrease of some hematologic parameters (RBC, Hb, Ht: p < 0.01) and a significant increase of MDA levels (p < 0.05) in erythrocytes and brain were observed in LTC group compared to controls. Antioxidant enzyme activities in both tissues were modified in LTC group compared to controls. Administration of vitamin C ameliorated these parameters.

Our results indicated the potential effects of LTC to induce oxidative damage in tissues and the ability of vitamin C to attenuate LTC-induced oxidative damage.

Introduction

Synthetic pyrethroids are a diverse class of more than 1000 powerful broad spectrum insecticides that are environmentally compatible by virtue of their moderate persistence, low volatility and poor aqueous mobility in soil (Erstfeld, 1999). They represent approximately one-fourth of the worldwide insecticide market (Casida and Quistad, 1998). Due to their high efficacy, easy biodegradability, and low toxicity to birds and mammals (Kale et al., 1999), synthetic pyrethroids are chosen over organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides.

Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) is a newer pyrethroid type II insecticide used all over the world to control a wide range of insect pests in a variety of crops. It is highly used in cotton plantation and in vegetable production. In many countries, this pyrethroid compound has been successfully used in the vector control such as mosquito control by direct spraying in the water bodies (Schenone and Rojas, 1992, Awumbila and Bokuma, 1994). Consistent with its lipophilic nature (Michelangeli et al., 1990) pyrethroid insecticide such as lambda-cyhalothrin has been found to accumulate in biological membranes leading to oxidative damage. It has been suggested that some effects directly related to pesticide toxicity could be due to changes in membrane fluidity (Sarkar et al., 1993, Antunes-Madeira et al., 1994), in lipid composition (Perez-Albarsanz et al., 1991) and inhibition of enzyme activities (Jones and Lee, 1986). The brain and erythrocytes are highly susceptible to free radicals due to their high rate of oxidative metabolic activity and high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Evans, 1993).

Although the organism had several biological defence mechanisms against intracellular oxidative stress such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione transferase (GST), non-enzymatic antioxidants such as caratenoids, vitamin E, vitamin C and glutathione, can also act to overcome the oxidative stress (Evans and Halliwell, 2001). Vitamin C is the most important free radical scavenger in extra-cellular fluids, trapping radicals in the aqueous phase and protects biomembranes from peroxidative damage (Yavuz et al., 2004, Sulak et al., 2005).

Several reports evidenced that lambda-cyhalothrin exerted its neurotoxic effects through voltage-dependent sodium channels (Soderlund et al., 2002, Ray and Fry, 2006) and induced chromosomal aberrations, genotoxicity and micronucleus formation in rat bone morrow cells (Campana et al., 1999, Fahmy and Abdallah, 2001, Çelik et al., 2003, Çelik et al., 2005). In our knowledge, the use of vitamin C to alleviate the toxicity induced by lambda-cyhalothrin in brain and erythrocytes has not been previously examined.

This study was interested first in evaluating the effects of lambda-cyhalothrin on lipid peroxidation and on antioxidant enzymes activities (CAT, SOD, GPx, GR and GST) in brain and erythrocytes, second in the protective role of vitamin C against lambda-cyhalothrin-induced toxicity.

Section snippets

Materials

Lambda-cyhalothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide (Fig. 1) (C₂₃H₁₉ClF₃NO₃). CAS chemical name [α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate], CAS registry number 91465-08-6. A commercial formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin, named “KARATE^® 5EC” (Syngenta agrochemicals, Greensboro, USA) was used in the experiments. All other chemical products used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, France).

Animals and experimental design

Adult Wistar rats

LTC effects on food and water intake, body and organ weights and general health

No clinical signs of LTC poisoning were observed among rats of treated groups such as diarrhea, hair loss, nasal hemorrhage, and bloated abdomen. Moreover, no mortality occurred in all treated groups during the experimental period (21 days). Significant reduction in water and food intake was observed in the LTC-treated group, as compared to controls (Table 1). Furthermore, on the tenth day of exposure, LTC-exposed animals had decreased body weight versus control group. This difference remained

Discussion

Currently, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides pose a risk to humans especially those professionally involved in their production, those who use them in agriculture and the general population who consume contaminated food products. These compounds are more hydrophobic than other classes of insecticides (Michelangeli et al., 1990) and therefore their general site of action is biological membranes which cause deleterious effects.

The present study showed that exposure rats to lamba-cyhalothrin, a

Acknowledgement

The present work was supported by the grants of DGRST (Appui à la Recherche Universitaire de base, ARUB 99/UR/08-73) Tunisia.

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Oxidative stress induced by lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) in rat erythrocytes and brain: Attenuation by vitamin C

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials

Animals and experimental design

LTC effects on food and water intake, body and organ weights and general health

Discussion

Acknowledgement

Environ. Saf.

Method Enzymol.

Biochem. Biophys. Acta

Mutat. Res.

J. Biol. Chem.

Mutat. Res.

Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.

Arch. Biochem.

Chemosphere

Nutr. Res.

Nutr. Res.

Toxicology

Toxicol. Lett.

Toxicol. in vitro

J. Biol. Chem.

J. Biol. Chem.

Pestic Biochem. Physiol.

Toxicol. Lett.

Blood

Biochem. Biophys. Acta

Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.

Toxicology

Fundam. Appl. Toxicol.

Brain Res.

Biochem. Biophys. Acta

Food Chem. Toxicol.

Pharmacol. Ther.

Biochem. Biophys. Acta

Arch. Biochem. Biophys.

Neurotoxicol. Teratol.

Pathophysiology