Evaluation of Oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and genotoxic potential of bisphenol A in fresh water bighead carp (Aristichthys nobils) fish at low concentrations

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115896Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Clinical and behavioral signs were observed due to bisphenol A (BPA) in fish.

  • BPA induced morphological and nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells.

  • Genotoxic effects were observed in erythrocytes, liver, gills, brain and kidneys.

  • BPA induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, gills and kidneys.

  • Exposure to BPA influenced status of antioxidant enzymes in different tissues.

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the emerging contaminants associated with deleterious health effects on both public and wildlife and is extensively incorporated into different industrial products. Therefore, the current trial was conducted to determine the oxidative stress, status of different antioxidant enzymes and genotoxic potential of bisphenol A in fresh water fish at low concentrations. For this purpose, a total of 80 fresh water bighead carp (Aristicthys nobilis) received from commercial fish center were randomly divided and kept in four groups (A-D). Fish in groups (B-D) were exposed to different levels of BPA for a period of 60 days while fish of group A served as control group. Treated fish exhibited different physical and behavioral ailments in a time and treatment manners. Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased quantity of different oxidative stress biomarkers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in gills, liver, kidneys and brain of exposed fish. Concentration of different antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and total proteins was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in gills, liver, kidneys and brain of exposed fish. Results showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased frequency of morphological alterations, nuclear changes in red blood cells and increased DNA damage potential of bisphenol A in gills, liver, kidneys and brain tissues. The current trial concludes that even at very low concentrations bisphenol A causes toxic effects via turbulences in physiological and biochemical parameters in multiple tissues of fish.

Section snippets

Authorship contribution

Rabia Akram: conducted the experiment, prepared the first version of the manuscript. Rehana Iqbal: involved in experimentation plan and execution of trial, edited the final version of manuscript. Riaz Hussain: involved in experimentation plan and execution of trial, prepared the first version of the manuscript, edited the final version of manuscript. Farhat Jabeen: edited the final version of manuscript. Muhammad Ali: edited the final version of manuscript.

Fish management

The current experimental trial was executed at laboratories of departments of Zoology (Life sciences) and Pathology (Veterinary sciences) at Islamia University of Bahawalpur. A total of 80 bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) having similar body mass (150–175g), age and length were procured from local fish breeding center district Bahawalnagar. All the fish were shifted to the laboratories using plastic bags containing suitable oxygen. The test specimens were kept in glass aquaria (25” L × 45”

Physical observations

In the present investigation, no mortality of bighead carp was observed in treated groups (B, C, D) with variant concentrations of bisphenol A throughout the trial. Different behavioral and clinical signs such as increased swimming, loss of equilibrium, bulging eyes, lesions on the body surface (black spots on body surfaces), rapid operculum movement, and secretion of mucus from gills and mouth, erratic swimming, loss of coordination, swimming in isolation, air gulping and lying on one side

Discussion

Bisphenol A is extensively used in industries for manufacturing of different materials including thermal paper, water pipes, epoxy resins, kitchen utensils, electronic equipment, toys, dental sealants and polycarbonate plastics. Due to continuous discharge from industries bisphenol A has become the most important and deleterious health threat for both terrestrial and aquatic life (Kim et al., 2018; Andujar et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019). BPA being the major part of aquatic bodies induces

Conclusions

From the findings of current trial our results indicated that bisphenol A induced deleterious effects on red blood cells and different vital organs of bighead carp. Exposure of bighead carp to bisphenol A at 1000 μg/L and 1500 μg/L causes DNA damage in isolated blood lymphocyte, brain, gills, liver and kidneys cells. Moreover, bisphenol A causes increased oxidative stress and reduces antioxidant enzymes in brain, livers, kidneys and gills of bighead carp in a concentration and time dependent

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgment

We thank Dr. Abdul Ghaffar for providing us laboratory for conduction of this research. We thank Naseem Khan Director fisheries department for providing the test specimens. We also thank Dr. Corrie Brown, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia Athens, USA, GA 30602–7388 for her critical discussion and revision of this manuscript. The current experimental research is part of PhD thesis and was not funded by any public and commercial sectors.

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