CuO nanoparticles decorated nano-dendrite-structured CuBi2O4 for highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of glucose
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus has become a worldwide health problem and its associated complications are a leading cause of death in the world [1]. As monitoring the glucose level in the blood is the first step for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and routine monitoring of blood glucose is required further management of diabetes mellitus, development of a rapid and reliable sensing platform for the detection of blood glucose is urgently required. The first generation of glucose biosensor was proposed by Clark and Lyons in 1962 [2]; the sensing principle of the proposed devices is based on the measurement of oxygen consumption by the platinum electrode with immobilized glucose oxidase (GOD) during the reaction of glucose with glucose oxidase (GOD) in presence of the dissolved oxygen (Eqs. 1-2) [3]:
Since then, significant progress has been made to improve the sensing characteristics, such as sensitivity and selectivity, of this type of glucose sensors. Nevertheless, due to the drawbacks inherent to the enzyme based sensors, including complicated immobilization procedure, high cost, and instability, many efforts have been directed to develop the enzyme-free glucose sensor recently [4], [5], [6]. To this end, many materials, including noble metals [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], transition metals [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], transition metal oxides and hydroxides [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], have been explored and investigated. Noble metals offer high sensitivity, but their scarcity, low selectivity, and tendency to be poisoned by chloride ions and intermediates generated during the oxidation of glucose limit their practical applications [26]. Among the transition metals and their oxides explored so far, copper based nano-materials (nanoCu), including metallic copper [27], [28], [29], [30], copper hydroxide [31], and copper oxides (CuO [25], [32], [33], [34], [35] and Cu2O [36], [37], [38], [39]) have received much attention as they are earth-abundant, low-cost, easily synthesized, high activity, and most importantly, immune to poisoning species [27], [31], [35]. Though the mechanism for electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose by nanoCu is still under debate, the most accepted mechanism has been ascribed to the interaction between glucose and the high-valent Cu3+ species, in the form of oxides or hydroxides, generated under highly anodic condition in the alkaline electrolyte [40]. In addition, in order to further enhance the sensing performance, some efforts have been directed to synthesize a composite with other materials by preparing alloy-metals [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46] or directly depositing nano-sized copper materials (nanoCu) onto the nanostructured matrix [41], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60]. In case of alloy-metals, the enhancement in the sensing performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects of multi-composition interface, whereas in the case of nanoCu modified nanostructured matrix material, the enhancement in the sensing performance can attributed not only to the fact that the synergistic effects through the interaction of nanoCu with the matrix material can be induced, but also to the fact that the minimal aggregation of nanoCu along with the high loading amount of nanoCu can be achieved by the virtue of the high surface area of the matrix material. Nevertheless, the preparation of these copper based nanocomposites often involves the tedious synthetic procedure [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [58], and instead of direct deposition onto the electrode surface, some of these nanocomposites were synthesized in powder form [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], which would not only cause the irreproducibility due to the un-controllable aggregation of these nanocomposites, but also require additional immobilization procedure and thus complicate the electrode preparation procedure.
On the other hand, due to its favorable conduction band level, excellent optical and catalytic properties, CuBi2O4, a p-type semiconductor, has been identified as a promising material in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting [61], [62], [63], [64], photocatalysis [65], and the activation of peroxymonosulfate/persulfate [66], [67]. However, to our best knowledge, the electrocatalytic properties of CuBi2O4 and its composite with CuO towards the oxidation of glucose have not been investigated yet.
In this report, we report the fabrication of a highly porous nanocomposite of CuBi2O4 and CuO (nanoCuBi2O4|CuO) and its application in electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose. nanoCuBi2O4|CuO, consisting of CuO nanoparticles decorated nanodendrite-structured CuBi2O4, was synthesized by firstly growth of bismuth oxyiodide nanosheet array (nanoBiOI) onto the fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass substrate (FTO) using electrochemical deposition, followed by drop-casting a Cu2+ solution onto nanoBiOI and subsequent annealing process to convert nanoBiOI into nanoCuBi2O4|CuO. The effects of the dosage of Cu2+ solution on the conversion of nanoBiOI, and structure along with the electrocatalytic activity of the resultant electrode were thoroughly studied. It was found synergetic effects of CuO with CuBi2O4 along with the highly porous nanostructure of CuBi2O4 render nanoCuBi2O4|CuO significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity, in terms of overpotential and catalytic current, towards the oxidation of glucose as compared with the CuO and CuBi2O4 thin film alone. Finally, the excellent sensing performances, evaluated from sensitivity test and the interference test, suggest the applicability of nanoCuBi2O4|CuO in amperometric detection of glucose.
Section snippets
General consideration
Starting materials for the synthetic part of the work were purchased from commercial suppliers and of the highest available purity for the analytical work. Flourine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass (sheet resistance 7 ohm sq−1, TEC GlassTM 7) substrates (1.0 × 3.0 cm2) were cleaned with an ammonia-hydrogen peroxide-deionized water mixture (volume ratio: 1:1:5) at 70 °C for 30 min, after which the FTO substrates were dried at room temperature under nitrogen purge. Glucose stock solutions (0.5 M),
Physical characterization
Figs. S1a and 1 , respectively, show the X-ray diffraction patterns of nanoBiOI template and the resultant electrodes converted from the nanoBiOI template with various dosages (D) of Cu2+ solution. It can be found that without drop-casting the Cu2+ precursor solution, i.e., D = 0 μL cm−2, nanoBiOI (JCPDS No. 73-2062) was converted into Bi2O3 (JCPDS No. 65-3319) after the annealing process. However, with the increase in the dosage of Cu2+ solution for the conversion process, the decrease in the
Conclusion
A chemically modified electrode, consisting of CuO nanoparticles decorated nano-dendrite-structured CuBi2O4 (nanoCuBi2O4|CuO), were successfully fabricated by using BiOI nanosheets array as the template. The electrocatalytic properties along with the sensing characteristics of nanoCuBi2O4|CuO towards glucose was thoroughly examined for the first time. It was found that both CuO and CuBi2O4 thin films are active in electrocatalyzing the oxidation of glucose, but the porous structure of nanoCuBi2O
Acknowledgements
Financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (104-2221-E-006-235- and 104-ET-E-006-004-ET) and Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University are gratefully acknowledged.
References (76)
- et al.
Electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors
Anal. Chim. Acta
(2006) - et al.
Glucose-oxidase- An Ideal Enzyme
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(1992) - et al.
Hydrogen bubble dynamic template synthesis of porous gold for nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose
Electrochem. Commun.
(2007) - et al.
Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on ultrasonic-electrode position of bimetallic PtM (M = Ru, Pd and Au) nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid composite film
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2009) - et al.
Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on renewable electrospun Ni nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofiber paste electrode
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2009) - et al.
A nano-Ni based ultrasensitive nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for glucose: Enhancing sensitivity through a nanowire array strategy
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2009) - et al.
Seed-mediated synthesis of copper nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes and their application in nonenzymatic glucose biosensors
Anal. Chim. Acta
(2012) - et al.
Nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose using well-distributed nickel nanoparticles on straight multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2011) - et al.
A novel glucose sensor based on monodispersed Ni/Al layered double hydroxide and chitosan
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2008) - et al.
Electrospun Co3O4 nanofibers for sensitive and selective glucose detection
Biosens. Bioelectron.
(2010)
A highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on CuO nanoparticles-modified carbon nanotube electrode
Biosens. Bioelectron.
Cobalt oxide acicular nanorods with high sensitivity for the non-enzymatic detection of glucose
Biosens. Bioelectron.
A novel nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor based on MnO2/graphene oxide nanocomposite
Talanta
Synthesis of CuO nanostructures and their application for nonenzymatic glucose sensing
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
Ultrasensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose detection using copper nanowires
Biosens. Bioelectron.
Highly-dispersed copper microparticles on the active gold substrate as an amperometric sensor for glucose
Anal. Chim. Acta
Glucose sensing by electrochemically grown copper nanobelt electrode
J. Electroanal. Chem.
Electrochemical sensing interfaces with tunable porosity for nonenzymatic glucose detection: A Cu foam case
Biosens. Bioelectron.
Direct growth of vertically aligned arrays of Cu(OH)2 nanotubes for the electrochemical sensing of glucose
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
The porous CuO electrode fabricated by hydrogen bubble evolution and its application to highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose detection
Talanta
Novel ultrasensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on controlled flower-like CuO hierarchical films
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
Enzyme-free amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose at a hierarchical Cu2O modified electrode
Talanta
Facile wet-chemical synthesis of differently shaped cuprous oxide particles and a thin film: Effect of catalyst morphology on the glucose sensing performance
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
Electrochemical characterization of carbohydrate oxidation at copper electrodes
Electrochim. Acta
Co-Cu alloy nanoparticles decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays for highly sensitive and selective nonenzymatic sensing of glucose
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on gold-copper alloy nanoparticles on defect sites of carbon nanotubes by spontaneous reduction
Synth. Met.
Bimetallic PdCu/SPCE non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensors
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
Dendritic copper-cobalt nanostructures/reduced graphene oxide-chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode for glucose sensing
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
Bimetallic PdCu nanoparticle decorated three-dimensional graphene hydrogel for non-enzymatic amperometric glucose sensor
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
A Nafion-free non-enzymatic amperometric glucose sensor based on copper oxide nanoparticles-graphene nanocomposite
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
A new non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on copper/porous silicon nanocomposite
Electrochim. Acta
A flexible and disposable hybrid electrode based on Cu nanowires modified graphene transparent electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensor
Electrochim. Acta
Highly exposed copper oxide supported on three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide for non-enzymatic detection of glucose
Electrochim. Acta
Novel helical TiO2 nanotube arrays modified by Cu2O for enzyme-free glucose oxidation
Biosens. Bioelectron.
Novel Cu/CuO/ZnO hybrid hierarchical nanostructures for non-enzymatic glucose sensor application
J. Electroanal. Chem.
Non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on controllable nanoporous gold/copper oxide nanohybrids
Talanta
Aligned SWCNT-copper oxide array as a nonenzymatic electrochemical probe of glucose
Electrochem. Commun.
Direct growth of pod-like Cu2O nanowire arrays on copper foam: Highly sensitive and efficient nonenzymatic glucose and H2O2 biosensor
Sens. Actuators B-Chem.
Cited by (31)
Coherent design of indium doped copper bismuthate-encapsulated graphene nanocomposite for sensitive electrochemical detection of Rutin
2022, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering AspectsCitation Excerpt :The redox couples of Cu, Bi, and activation of lattice oxygen in CB are essential for molecule sensing. In conversely to CuOx, CB electrocatalytic properties against glucose oxidation have received little attention [27]. Modifying the surface morphology and dimensions of nanomaterials finetunes the catalytic activity and electron transportability of nanoparticles [28].
Electrochemical sensing of tyrosine and removal of toxic dye using self-assembled three-dimensional CuBi<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>/rGO microsphere composite
2021, Colloids and Interface Science CommunicationsCitation Excerpt :Shi et al. synthesized the Ag3PO4/CuBi2O4 based nanomaterials for degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation [17]. Interestingly, Wu et al. reported the electrochemical sensing of glucose molecules using CuO/CuBi2O4 nano-dendrite structured materials [18]. Ensafi et al. have also synthesized CuBi2O4 nanoparticles for electrochemical method intended energy storage applications [19].
Templated fabrication of three-dimensional ordered macroporous Cu<inf>2</inf>O/Ni structure for glucose sensing
2021, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers