Full length articleSelenium may suppress peripheral blood mononuclear cell apoptosis by modulating HSP70 and regulate levels of SIRT1 through reproductive hormone secretion and oxidant stress in women suffering fluorosis
Introduction
Fluorosis is a worldwide environmental health problem caused by excessive exposure to fluoride (F). Fluoride (F) is widely used as an additive in toothpaste or industrial raw materials. The safe range of fluoride is relatively low, and excessive fluoride intake (fluorosis) may cause severe damage to tissues and organs, especially the tissues in the reproductive system. It was reported that fluorosis caused malfunction of the female reproductive system in people who had lived in fluorosis endemic areas for a long time (Liang et al., 2016). There is also evidence showing the association of higher concentration of fluoride and significantly more miscarriages (Moghaddam et al., 2018).
Selenium (Se), like fluoride, is also an essential trace element in humans. The biological functions of Se are recognized for its catalytic and antioxidant activities. Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of Se on reproductive function in females (Kommisrud et al., 2005; Xiong et al., 2018). It is however unknow whether Se may improve reproductive function in women with fluorosis.
Fluoride is well documented to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce apoptosis (Lou et al., 2019; Peng et al., 2019). Sirtuins are a family of NAD + -dependent histone deacetylase that involved in aging and, oxidative stress. In mammalian cells, Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1) promotes antioxidant enzymes to detoxify the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-caused apoptosis (Kong et al., 2019). However, no clear evidence to link SIRT1, Se and fluorosis in the pathophysiological process of fluorosis-caused reproductive dysfunction. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of Se on SIRT1 to improve reproductive system function in female fluorosis patients.
Section snippets
Subjects and sample collection
There were three groups of subjects in this research. A total of 20 female fluorosis patients from the area with high environmental selenium levels (Li et al., 2019)(Ziyang County of Shaanxi province, China) were included in the Group 1 (High Se + high F) group. Twenty adult healthy women volunteers from Xi'an city, where the environmental selenium levels were at normal range, were included in Group 2 as the normal control group. Another twenty women fluorosis patients from Hanbin district,
The age of women in three groups
Of the 60 women recruited in this study, means of ages of all women in each group were shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in ages of women among all three groups.
Selenium levels in blood and hair
The concentrations of selenium in blood (serum) and hair were significantly higher in high Se + high F group than that in High F or control group (P < 0.01, Fig. 1). The concentrations of selenium in blood and hair of High F group were slightly higher than that of Control group without statistical significance (P
Discussion
Fluoride is an important industrial product in addition its use in toothpaste. Taking in too much fluoride leads to fluorosis in patients showing not only teeth and bone injuries but also reproductive dysfunction in females (Navve et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2015). Many studies have found that SIRT1 played a key role in regulating reproductive hormone secretion (Chen et al., 2019a,b). This study was designed to investigate the effect of fluorosis with or without Se on oxidative stress, apoptosis
Conclusion
In conclusion, high level of F increases apoptosis rate and the expression of caspase-3 with a decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and level of E2, and an increase in the expression of SIRT1, serum FSH and LH. High level of Se attenuates the toxic effects of high F by increasing the level of HSP-70. Se may be able to quench F-induced free radical generation showing anti-apoptotic effects. Indeed, the reduction of SIRT1, LH and FSH and the increase in E2 were observed in High
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Wenrong Li: Writing - review & editing, Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Validation. Qun Chen: Validation, Writing - review & editing. Chen Chen: Validation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Zhaoheng Dong: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
Financial support for this work was received from National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81673115), Huimin project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant number 2012GS610101), and Department of Health of Shaanxi Province (grant number 2018D050) and the International Cooperation Foundation of Shaanxi province(2020KW-057).
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These authors contributed equally to this manuscript.