Two-dimensional nanomaterials: A critical review of recent progress, properties, applications, and future directions
Graphical abstract
Section snippets
Introduction:
The properties of the materials have changed substantially as the size of the material approaches the nanoscale. The utilization of materials and structures with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm is called nanotechnology [1]. When the term nanomaterial is used, the term size appears in mind, but nanotechnology is not only about size; it is also about structures and manipulation of the structures at the atomic and molecular level to develop such structures which are more applicable to the
Brief discussion of synthesis methods
The 2D nanomaterials are synthesized using top-down and bottom-up approaches [40]. Briefly, these methods are discussed here, and details of the synthesis method of the one, two, and three-dimensional nanomaterials can be found in the previously published review [29]. The various top-down and bottom-up approaches are summarized in Fig. 3.
Prominent properties of the 2D nanomaterials
Ultrathin materials carry out a range of unique properties, making them excellent materials among other nanomaterials. The 2D nanomaterials, due to their large diameter-length ratio, display exceptional properties which are significantly unique compared to their bulky counterpart [93]. Some properties can be generalized; however, it does not mean that each property should be present in all ultrathin 2D nanomaterials. For instance, graphene has exhibited exceptionally high electrical
Graphene family
The graphene family is one of the highly rated and extensively explored 2D nanomaterials with many unique, fascinating features. It is not an overrated statement if it is said that graphene and its derivatives revolutionize the materials’ chemistry. Graphene isolation in 2004 [32] triggered the finding of other 2D nanomaterials. Currently, graphene has become part of almost all applications of materials science, including bone tissue regeneration [167], separation [168], generation of
Conclusion and future directions
This review concisely and critically discusses the recent development in ultrathin 2D nanomaterials. The ultrathin 2D nanomaterials are synthesized using the top-down and bottom-up approaches. The exploration of new synthesis techniques is continued to achieve high-quality 2D sheets of nanomaterials. 2D nanomaterials have unique, striking properties such as high surface area, excellent interfacial interaction, distinctive optical properties, and exceptionally high mechanical strength. The
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Nadeem Baig: Conceptualization, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the KFUPM, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes & water security
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